In ordinary discourse it is not always explicitly stated whether predication is universal or particular; it would be very natural to say _Lions inhabit Africa_, leaving it, as far as the words go, uncertain whether we mean _all_ or _some_ lions. Propositions whose quantity is thus left indefinite are technically called 'preindesignate,' their quantity not being stated or designated by any introductory expression; whilst propositions whose quantity is expressed, as _All foundling-hospitals have a high death-rate_, or _Some wine is made from grapes_, are said to be 'predesignate.' Now, the rule is that preindesignate propositions are, for logical purposes, to be treated as particular; since it is an obvious precaution of the science of proof, in any practical application, _not to go beyond the evidence_. Still, the rule may be relaxed if the universal quantity of a preindesignate proposition is well known or admitted, as in _Planets shine with reflected light_--understood of the planets of our solar system at the present time. Again, such a proposition as _Man is the paragon of animals_ is not a preindesignate, but an abstract proposition; the subject being elliptical for _Man according to his proper nature_; and the translation of it into a predesignate proposition is not _All men are paragons_; nor can _Some men_ be sufficient, since an abstract can only be adequately rendered by a distributed term; but we must say, _All men who approach the ideal_. Universal real propositions, true without qualification, are very scarce; and we often substitute for them _general_ propositions, saying perhaps--_generally, though not universally, S is P_. Such general propositions are, in strictness, particular; and the logical rules concerning universals cannot be applied to them without careful scrutiny of the facts. The marks or predesignations of Quantity commonly used in Logic are: for Universals, _All_, _Any_, _Every_, _Whatever_ (in the negative _No_ or _No one_, see next §); for Particulars, _Some_. Now _Some_, technically used, does not mean _Some only,_ but _Some at least_ (it may be one, or more, or all). If it meant '_Some only_,' every particular proposition would be an exclusive exponible (chap. ii. § 3); since _Only some men are wise_ implies that _Some men are not wise_. Besides, it may often happen in an investigation that all the instances we have observed come under a certain rule, though we do not yet feel justified in regarding the rule as universal; and this situation is exactly met by the expression _Some_ (_it may be all_).