Londinium, Architecture and the CraftsLethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
History
Londinium, Architecture and the Crafts
Lethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
England -- Antiquities, Roman; London (England) -- Antiquities, Roman; Romans -- England -- London
At the Guildhall Museum are two small terra-cotta lamps (Nos. 17 and
18), each having the Christian monogram in the centre (Fig. 164). These
are not of British make, but they may have been imported in the Roman
age. (A lamp which Sir L. Gomme made much of, with a little view of a
city on it, was also of foreign origin, and there is no reason to think
that the view had any connection with London.) Two other lamps in the
Guildhall collection (Nos. 54 and 117) are described as having “limbs of
cross on body, perhaps early Christian,” but I have not found these and
some other objects which it is said may possibly be Christian.
In the description of Wren’s finds on the site of St. Paul’s, given in
_Parentalia_, is mentioned “a sepulchral earthen lamp figured with two
branches of palms, supposed Christian.” Comparing the description with
Figs. 165 and 166 there cannot be any doubt that Wren’s lamp was
Christian. In the British Museum is a little rough lamp found at
Tidworth, Wilts, which has a pair of palm branches, and I think that
there is another in Canterbury Museum; the former is so like others from
Syria in the Early Christian Room at the British Museum that there
cannot be a doubt that it is not a native work; possibly it was brought
back by a pilgrim from the Holy Land. Fig. 165 illustrates the seal of a
ring found at Fifehead Neville, Dorset, now in the British Museum; on it
we find the sign of Christ in the later form (in which the X has become
a cross) surmounted by a dove, and between two palms. It means something
like “the Believer resting on the victorious Cross of Christ.” The
earlier form of the monogram was made of the first two letters of the
name Christ, XP; the later form was formed by a cross and XP or P, and
this seems to have meant the Crucifixion.
[Illustration:
FIG. 165.
]
These comparisons will help to interpret a fascinating fragment of a
symbolical design engraved on a glass cup found at Silchester. Here,
instead of the sign for Christ, we find the upper part of a letter,
which can hardly have been anything else than T, for nothing else would
be central in the design, and in place of the dove we have a fish. T was
the early form of the sign of the cross, and is found several times in
the Catacombs; the fish is a rebus for the words Jesus Christ, God’s Son
Saviour (ΙΧΘΎΣ); the palms are again signs of victory. It seems to be an
early symbolical representation of Christ on the cross, and one of the
most interesting which exists (compare Figs. 46 and 47 in the British
Museum _Guide to Christian Antiquities_). Another tiny fragment of the
same glass has the letter O on it, and there must have been some short
inscription as well as the fish symbol and palms (Fig. 166).
[Illustration:
FIG. 166.
]
[Illustration:
FIGS. 167, 168, 169.
]
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