THE PLAGUE 72 SECRET REMEDIES 86 THE CRUSADE AGAINST QUACKERY 89 MEDICINE IN THE DAYS OF PEPYS 92 THE BARBER-SURGEONS 95 THE FIRST ANATOMY LECTURES 97 THE APOTHECARIES 101 THE ROYAL SOCIETY 101 GRESHAM COLLEGE 103 THE EARLIEST HOSPITALS 106 THE ROYAL HOSPITALS 110 EARLY HOSPITAL PRACTICE 112 THE PHARMACOPŒIAS 117 THE RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS 119 HOSPITALS BUILT BY PUBLIC BENEVOLENCE 120 MODERN MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND EXAMINATIONS 123 LONDON AS A PLACE OF STUDY 127 LONDON (_Ancient and Modern_) From the Sanitary and Medical Point of View. CHAPTER I. LONDON FROM THE SANITARY POINT OF VIEW. In considering the sanitary conditions of a great city like London, it behoves us to remember that it has been a place of importance since the days of the Roman occupation of this country--that is, for some 1,500 years. A place that has been peopled for centuries is very apt, in the absence of special precautions, to become unwholesome by reason of the vast accumulation of refuse. Roman London is many yards beneath the surface of the present City. It has been deeply buried, and by what? By refuse and debris from every source; and this in itself is necessarily a danger to health, and doubtless has in times past greatly tended to produce many of those diseases for which mediæval (and even modern) London was noted. SITUATION. The situation of ancient London was most convenient for commerce, and fairly good from a sanitary point of view. The advantages of its situation have been dwelt upon by many writers, and were well summed up by Edward Chamberlayne, who thus speaks of it in his “Present State of England” (1682), a work which was analogous in many respects to the “Whitaker’s Almanack” of the present day.