Beyond this point we have an overwhelming mass of documentary evidence, by which the names of the streets, churches, and other landmarks, can be carried backwards by references in deeds, wills, patents, close-rolls, and Parliament-rolls, etc. etc. I have little doubt that almost every street and lane in London which existed in Stow's day could be carried back by this means to the thirteenth century, and a good many can be shown to have borne the same names in the century after the Conquest. Then we have the complete list of city churches in the time of Edward I. given in the _Liber Custumarum_. The parish boundaries probably remain much as at that time, and the wards in their present form go back as far. It may be noted that a study of the boundaries shows that the parishes are in the main subdivisions of wards, and not that wards are aggregations of parishes. Such general documentary evidence can be further supplemented by the data which we have in regard to particular buildings which are still in part existing, or of which we have plans and other evidence. We can accurately reinstate the City wall with its bastions and gates, the Bridge and the Tower of London. We have ample particulars as to the Cathedral and precinct of St. Paul's, with the line of the Close wall, the position of its gates, and the site of the Campanile in the north-east corner. The boundaries of the Conventual Establishments can be plotted, and the buildings within them can, in many cases, be laid down in detail. The plan of the Guildhall buildings may be reconstructed, and Hollar and Leeke's map gives the position of the Halls of the several Companies. An attempt has been made in the body of this work to sift out what can be learned of a still more remote London. THE END _Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_. FOOTNOTES: [1] Mr. Green, from the long sections dealing with London in _The Making of England_ and _The Conquest of England_, must be reckoned among the specialists on London. I shall often have to criticise Mr. Loftie's conclusions, but I do so merely because those are the views in possession at the present time. His books have the distinction of having revived an interest in London topography. [2] _E.g._ Mr. Loftie's most recent book, _London Afternoons_. [3] _Origines Celticæ._ [4] Loftie, vol. i. ch. ii. [5] Hearne actually says it is Long-town. [6] Canon Isaac Taylor, _Dict. of Place-Names_. [7] _Social England_, vol. i. [8] Rhys, _Celtic Britain_. [9] Ramsay, vol. i. p. 32. [10] See Ludgate below. [11] Now represented by Edgware Road. [12] See _Dict. Nat. Biog._, and De la Moyne Borderie. [13] Thorpe's _Ancient Laws_. [14] Joceline de Brakelonde, p. 56, cited by Wright. [15] _Cal. St. Paul's MSS._, Ninth Report Historic MSS. Com., p. 65. [16] Rhys, _Celtic Britain_; Elton's _Origins_.