Lorenzo’s Arrival in Naples—Lorenzo and King Ferrante—Impression produced in Florence by his Decision and the Variety of Opinions—Uncertainty in Florence and in the Romagna—Sixtus IV. and the Peace Negotiations—Sixtus IV. on the Management of the Dispute—Lorenzo’s insecure Position—The Dynasties of the Romagna—Diomede Carafa, Count of Maddalini—Lorenzo’s Connections in Naples—The Royal Family—The Duchess of Calabria—Lorenzo’s Return Home—Proclamation and Conditions of Peace—Insecure Relations with Sixtus IV.—Difficulties of the Affairs of Romagna—The Ordelaffi—Forli in Possession of Girolamo Riario—The Condition of Siena—The Duke of Calabria and the Sienese—Political Agitation in Siena in Favour of the Nobility, at the Instigation of the Duke of Calabria—Conquest of Otranto by the Turks—Retirement of the Duke of Calabria from Siena—Florentine Embassy to Sixtus IV.—Reconciliation and Peace 401 FOURTH BOOK. _THE MEDICI IN RELATION TO LITERATURE AND ART._ FIRST PART. HUMANIST AND POPULAR LITERATURE TO THE SECOND HALF OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. BEGINNINGS OF HUMANISM. COLUCCIO SALUTATI AND POGGIO BRACCIOLINI. THE BOOK TRADE. Contrast between Mediæval Culture and Humanism—Character and Significance of Humanism—Florentine Education—Lapo da Castiglionichio and Luigi Marsigli—The University—Greek Studies—Manuel Chrysoloras—Early Study of Greek Learning in Florence—Poggio Bracciolini and his Discoveries—The Manuscript Business of the Fourteenth Century—Ancient Book Trade—Copyists in the Universities and Monasteries—Scarcity of Books and their High Prices—Increase of the Trade in Manuscripts—Paper Manufacture 425 CHAPTER II. LEONARDO BRUNI AND THE FLORENTINE HUMANISTS. FRANCESCO FILELFO. COSIMO DE’ MEDICI. Leonardo Bruni Aretino—Ambrogio Traversari—The Camaldula Convent of the Angeli—Niccolò Niccoli—Niccoli’s Collection of Books—Carlo Marsuppini Aretino—Beginning of the Translation of the Iliad—Giannozzo Manetti—Higher Education and the Universities—Jurisprudence and Statute Law—Palla Strozzi and the University—Rinaldo degli Albizzi, and his Political Writings—Francesco Filelfo of Tolentino in Florence—Filelfo as Teacher and Politician—The Brothers Cosimo and Lorenzo de’ Medici in the World of Letters—Their Connection with Poggio Bracciolini—Cosimo as a Collector—Ciriaco Pizzicolli of Ancona—Roman Want of Culture—Enoch of Ascoli and Antonio of Todi 440 CHAPTER III. THE COUNCIL OF UNION AND PLATONISM. COSIMO DE’ MEDICI’S LATER YEARS.