Situation and Origin of Florence—Roman Times and the Early Part of the Middle Ages—Florence before and in the Time of Dante—Architecture in the Thirteenth Century—Towers—Rubacon Bridge—Churches—Sta. Maria Novella and Sta. Croce—Enlargement of the Town and Third Wall—Arnolfo di Cambio, called di Lapo—St. Maria del Fiore and Palace of the Signoria—Churches, Hospitals, Castles in the Province—Building of Palaces and Houses—Style of the Churches—Tuscan Gothic—Cimabue and Giotto—Giotto and the Cathedral—Belfry of the Cathedral—Taddeo Gaddi—The Hall of Or San Michele—Enlargement of the Palace of the Podestà—Architecture of the Middle of the Fourteenth Century—Religious Institutions—St. Anne’s Chapel in Or San Michele—New Church-building—Society of Artists—Hall of the Signory (Loggia de Lanzi)—Family Residences—Sculpture—Andrea Pisano and his School—Painting—Andrea di Cione, called Arcagna—Hospitals and Monuments—Filippo Brunelleschi—Church of Sta. Maria del Fiore—The Foundling Hospital (Innocenti)—San Lorenzo—Sto. Spirito—Other Works of Brunelleschi—Dwelling Houses—Streets and Pavements—Sculpture of the Fifteenth Century—Ghiberti and Donatello—Painting—Fra Angelico of Fiesole and Masaccio—General Appearance of the Town—The Environs—Fortified Villas and Monasteries 38 CHAPTER IV. INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND LIFE. The great Guilds and their Position—Guild of Woollen-weavers (Arte della Lana)—Guild of Cloth Merchants (Catimala)—Guild of Silk-weavers (Arte della Seta)—Guild of Money-changers (Cambia)—Tuscan Money-changers Abroad—Positions of Money-changers in France and England—Bankruptcy of the large Banks—Financial Distress at Home—Revival of Commerce in the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century—Customs of the Money Exchange—General Feeling of the Citizen Class—Regulations for the Beautifying and Security of the Town—Character of the Populace—Habits and Customs in the Fourteenth Century—Popular and Church Festivals—St. John’s Day—Merry-making and Pastimes of the People—The Florentines in the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century 67 CHAPTER V. THE ALBIZZI AND COSIMO DE’ MEDICI.