'For a long period,' he said, 'the mucus of the bladder was regarded as the agent of the alkaline decomposition of urine. It was supposed that, in consequence of the distension produced by the retention of the liquid, the irritated bladder produced a larger quantity of mucus, and this mucus was regarded as the ferment which brought about the decomposition of urea, by an innate chemical force. This opinion (which was that of Liebig) cannot hold its ground in presence of the researches of Pasteur. This investigator has demonstrated, in the most decisive manner, that alkaline fermentation, like alcoholic and acetic fermentation, is produced by living organisms, the pre-existence of which in the liquid is the _sine quâ non_ of the process.' And Dr. Traube, citing some facts which confirmed the doctrine of Pasteur, concluded thus: 'Notwithstanding the long retention of the urine, its alkaline fermentation is not produced by an increased secretion of mucus or of pus; it only begins to develop from the moment when the germs of vibrios find access to the bladder from without. The opposite doctrines of Liebig and Pasteur are here brought into clear juxtaposition; and thus was their mutual and reciprocal influence established in dealing with the etiology of one of the most serious diseases of the bladder. So far back as 1862, Pasteur, in his memoir on spontaneous generation, had announced, contrary to all the notions then held, that whenever urine becomes ammoniacal, a little microscopic fungus is the cause of this alteration. Later on he established that in affections of the bladder ammoniacal urine was never found without the presence of this fungus; and in order to show how in these studies therapeutic application often runs hand in hand with scientific discovery, Pasteur, having proved, with his assistant, M. Joubert, that boracic acid is antagonistic to the development of the ammoniacal ferment, advised Dr. Guyon, Clinical Professor of Urinary Diseases in the Faculty of Paris, to combat the dangerous ammoniacal fermentation by injection of boracic acid into the bladder. The celebrated surgeon hastened to follow this advice, and with the most happy results. While attributing to Pasteur the honour of this discovery, M. Guyon, in one of his lectures, said:--