For techniques of radiochemistry to be employed successfully, high interaction rates (and therefore high beam intensities) are needed. For this reason, chemistry targets are usually inserted right into the cyclotron so that they can be bombarded directly by the circulating beam. After the bombardment is completed the target is removed from the cyclotron. It is then taken to a chemistry laboratory and subjected to detailed chemical procedures. Individual elements are removed, and the radioactive isotopes of each element are identified by quantitative counting techniques. In some cases a mass spectrometer is used to analyze the products. Many deductions about the nature of the breakup of the target nucleus can be drawn from the pattern of the observed radioactive products. Sometimes the nucleus splits almost in half. This is called fission. More frequently smaller parts of the nucleus are split off. Two general types of reactions, known as spallation and fragmentation, are distinguished. One of the goals of this research is to learn more about the constitution of the nucleus and of the forces which bind the particles in the interior of the nucleus. FOOTNOTES: [7] Mesons are elementary particles intermediate in mass between the electron and proton. [8] It may be interesting to note that the [pi]^0 meson was discovered with this cyclotron in 1950. This was the first particle to be discovered with an accelerator. All particles that had been previously discovered were observed first in cosmic rays or some other form of natural radiation. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Gerald A. Behman, Particle Accelerators: I. Bibliography, II. List of Accelerator Installations, UCRL-8050, January 1, 1958. 2. Samuel Glasstone, The Acceleration of Charged Particles, in _Sourcebook on Atomic Energy_, Second Edition (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1958), Ch. IX. 3. M. S. Livingston, _High-Energy Accelerators_ (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1954). 4. M. Stanley Livingston and Edwin M. McMillan, History of the Cyclotron, Physics Today _12_, 18-34 (October 1959). 5. E. M. McMillan, Particle Accelerators, in _Experimental Nuclear Physics_, Emilio Segrè, Editor, Vol. III (Wiley, New York, 1959), Part XIII. 6. Bob H. Smith _et al._, The Electrical Aspects of the UCRL 740-Mev Synchrocyclotron, UCRL-3779 Rev., October 2, 1957. 7. Robert L. Thornton, Frequency-Modulation and Radiofrequency System for the Modified Berkeley Cyclotron, UCRL-3362, April 3, 1956. 8. Robert R. Wilson, Particle Accelerators, Scientific American _198_, 64-76 (March 1958). APPENDIX SUMMARY OF SPECIFICATIONS Present fields of research % of time -------------------------- --------- Nuclear physics 86 Nuclear chemistry 2 Biophysics 12 _Scheduled operation_ 156 hours/week _Performance_ _Internal Beams_