Page NOTE, BY HENRY FESTING JONES 6 AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 7 I. INTRODUCTION 13 II. MR. HERBERT SPENCER 28 III. MR. HERBERT SPENCER (_continued_) 42 IV. MR. ROMANES’ “MENTAL EVOLUTION IN ANIMALS” 52 V. STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION AT ISSUE 70 VI. STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION AT ISSUE 80 (_continued_) VII. MR. SPENCER’S “THE FACTORS OF ORGANIC 100 EVOLUTION” VIII. PROPERTY, COMMON SENSE, AND PROTOPLASM 112 IX. PROPERTY, COMMON SENSE, AND PROTOPLASM 125 (_continued_) X. THE ATTEMPT TO ELIMINATE MIND 135 XI. THE WAY OF ESCAPE 147 XII. WHY DARWIN’S VARIATIONS WERE ACCIDENTAL 156 XIII. DARWIN’S CLAIM TO DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION 168 XIV. DARWIN AND DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION 177 (_continued_) XV. THE EXCISED “MY’S” 202 XVI. MR. GRANT ALLEN’S “CHARLES DARWIN” 211 XVII. PROFESSOR RAY LANKESTER AND LAMARCK 225 XVIII. PER CONTRA 239 XIX. CONCLUSION 251 Chapter I Introduction I SHALL perhaps best promote the acceptance of the two main points on which I have been insisting for some years past, I mean, the substantial identity between heredity and memory, and the reintroduction of design into organic development, by treating them as if they had something of that physical life with which they are so closely connected. Ideas are like plants and animals in this respect also, as in so many others, that they are more fully understood when their relations to other ideas of their time, and the history of their development are known and borne in mind. By development I do not merely mean their growth in the minds of those who first advanced them, but that larger development which consists in their subsequent good or evil fortunes—in their reception, favourable or otherwise, by those to whom they were presented. This is to an idea what its surroundings are to an organism, and throws much the same light upon it that knowledge of the conditions under which an organism lives throws upon the organism itself. I shall, therefore, begin this new work with a few remarks about its predecessors.