“It is further affected by the suddenness with which fire is opened, by the number of machine guns firing at the same target, and by the enemy’s fire. The high rate of fire concentration of the bullet-sheaf, and the possibility of bringing several machine guns into action on a narrow front, enable great effect to be produced in a short time even at long ranges. When the front of the target is broken and irregular, the effect is reduced. A wrong sighting elevation or an imperfect observation of fire may render the fire completely ineffective.” “Dense lines of skirmishers standing suffer heavy losses at ranges of 1,650 yards and under. At lines of skirmishers lying, good effect is to be expected at 1,100 yards and under, provided that the observation of fire is good. Against artillery in action the fire is similar to that of infantry. Owing to the mobility of machine-gun batteries they are especially adapted for securing the increased fire effect due to _oblique_ fire.” “At short ranges under hostile fire machine guns can only be brought up and withdrawn under cover.” * * * * * The German _Cavalry Drill Book_ of 1909 has some interesting paragraphs on the employment of machine guns, which are here given: _Para. 497._--Horse artillery and machine guns, by reason of their fire, enhance the offensive and defensive powers of cavalry. In defence and against unexpected opening of fire they form the most effective portion of the force. _Para. 498._--Horse-artillery fire will often be the first thing to make the enemy disclose his dispositions, and thus is useful for reconnaissance. In conjunction with machine guns it can break down the enemy’s resistance in defiles, and thus save the cavalry the necessity of dismounted action. _Para. 498._--Artillery and machine guns enable the cavalry, ... especially by fire effect upon their flanks, to distract hostile columns from their line of march. _Para. 500._--Detached forces of the Division may be allotted artillery and machine guns to increase their powers of offensive action.... The employment of single machine guns is forbidden. _Para. 501._--The commanders of artillery and machine guns must be kept informed of the situation and of the cavalry commander’s intentions. They remain with him until the employment of their commands has been arranged for; and, if necessary, it is their duty to bring this question of employment to his notice. At later stages they must keep in constant communication with him. Guns and machine guns come into action for the first time by order of the leader.