1869 O. B. Brown obtains the first U. S. patent on a projector--it is the old familiar model of Uchatius and uses hand-drawn designs. James Clerk Maxwell, famed for his work in color and electricity, develops what is hailed as the perfect Zoetrope or Wheel of Life by substituting concave lenses for the slots in order to eliminate distortion. Hand drawn figures were projected in a similar system. 1870 Henry Renno Heyl, of Philadelphia; Bourbouze, French scientist; Sequin, a printer and artist, and others combine “posed” motion pictures with the magic lantern so that flickering, brief and imperfect moving images appear on the screen. Bourbouze uses pictures at the Sorbonne University to show the actions of pistons, vapor and air machines. 1872 Eadweard Muybridge or Edward James Muggeridge and others make progress on the road to the photographing of successive still pictures of objects in motion. Lionel Smith Beale, in England, despairs of obtaining enough light by ordinary methods so he cuts his images on a thin brass rim and uses a primitive intermittent movement and shutter in projection. Device was called the Choreutoscope. 1874 Pierre Jules César Janssen, French astronomer, perfects the photographic-revolver, a fixed-motion picture camera, to photograph the transit of Venus in Japan. 1875 Caspar W. Briggs, successor to the Langenheims in Philadelphia, brings out a projector. 1877 Thomas A. Edison invents the Talking Phonograph. Wordsworth Donisthorpe, an English lawyer, suggests the Kinesigraph to combine the effects of the phonograph and the magic lantern. Charles Emile Reynaud develops the Praxinoscope, an ingenious arrangement of the Plateau-Stampfer magic disks, using a mirror set in the center. 1878 Muybridge and John D. Isaacs, an engineer, achieve photographic success with a “battery” of still cameras hooked up to take successive pictures of moving objects. Etienne Jules Marey, physiologist, in Paris analyzes the motion pictures made by the Muybridge-Isaacs system by means of the magic disks. 1879 Reynaud works out a projection model of his Praxinoscope. 1881 Jean Meissonier, French painter, uses a magic disk device with photos to analyze motion and assist him in his work. 1882 Muybridge, guided by Marey in Paris, mounts his photographs on a Uchatius magic lantern and actual motion pictures briefly are thrown on the screen before an audience with the Zoopraxiscope.