1853 Franz von Uchatius, an Austrian army officer, develops a motion picture projector which combines the Plateau-Stampfer disks and the magic lantern of Kircher. 1854 Sequin, a Frenchman, obtains a patent on an improved projector. 1860 Claudet, Duboscq, Shaw and others experiment with the to magic disk and the stereoscope in an effort to combine the 1865 illusion of motion and the illusion of depth. 1860 Thomas Hooman Dumont draws up on paper a motion picture camera. Other attempts are also made but the apparatus is not yet ready. Pierre Hubert Desvignes obtains a French patent on a system which suggests the use of an endless band and an apparatus for looking at stereoscopic views and small objects in motion. He also used models instead of designs or photographs in his efforts to recapture motion. 1861 William Thomas Shaw announces the Stereostrope which mounted eight stereoscopic pictures on an octagonal drum. These were viewed in an ordinary Wheatstone Stereoscope. “The effect of solidarity is superadded so that the object is perceived as if in motion and with an appearance of relief as in nature.” Coleman Sellers in the United States patents the Kinematoscope which is a toy using a paddle wheel action to show “posed” motion pictures. 1864 Louis Ducos du Hauron patents a motion picture photography-projection system, but there are no adequate materials available to make it practical. 1865 James Laing announces the Motorscope--another solid-plus-motion device akin to that of Shaw. About this time the following also showed similar devices: Léon Foucauld, French astronomer, the Stereofantascope or Bioscope; Cook and Bonelli, the Photobioscope; Humbert de Moland, Reville, Almeida, Seely and Lee. A. Molteni, optician, of Paris, invents the Choreutoscope Tournant which uses a Maltese Cross movement, a type which was of considerable importance in the development of intermittent movement in projectors. 1866 Lionel Smith Beale, a specialist in the use of the microscope, perfects the Molteni turning wheel. 1868 John Wesley Hyatt of New York invents celluloid while seeking a substitute for ivory for billiard balls. (Prior to this time Alexander Parkes in England worked on a product somewhat similar to celluloid but the process was different.) Langlois and Angiers patent an improved Thaumatrope which uses microscope views seen through a lens system. Linnett develops the Kineograph or little book which, when thumbed rapidly, flashes successive pictures before the eye, creating an illusion of motion.