Mahan on naval warfare : $b Selections from the writing of Rear Admiral Alfred T. MahanMahan, A. T. (Alfred Thayer)
History
Mahan on naval warfare : $b Selections from the writing of Rear Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
Mahan, A. T. (Alfred Thayer)
Naval art and science; Naval strategy; Sea-power
Thus, two hours after the battle began, the allied fleet was cut in two,
the rear enveloped and in process of being destroyed in detail, the
_Bucentaure_, _Santisima Trinidad_, and _Redoutable_ practically
reduced, though not yet surrendered. Ahead of the _Santisima Trinidad_
were ten ships, which as yet had not been engaged. The inaction of the
van, though partly accounted for by the slackness of the wind, has given
just cause for censure. To it, at ten minutes before two, Villeneuve
made signal to get into action and to wear together. This was
accomplished with difficulty, owing to the heavy swell and want of wind.
At three, however, all the ships were about, but by an extraordinary
fatality they did not keep together. Five with Admiral Dumanoir stood
along to windward of the battle, three passed to leeward of it, and two,
keeping away, left the field entirely. Of the whole number, three were
intercepted, raising the loss of the allies to eighteen
ships-of-the-line taken, one of which caught fire and was burned. The
approach of Admiral Dumanoir, if made an hour earlier, might have
conduced to save Villeneuve; it was now too late. Exchanging a few
distant broadsides with enemy’s ships, he stood off to the south-west
with four vessels; one of those at first with him having been cut off.
At quarter before five Admiral Gravina, whose ship had been the rear of
the order during the battle and had lost heavily, retreated toward
Cadiz, making signal to the vessels which had not struck to form around
his flag. Five other Spanish ships and five French followed him. As he
was withdrawing, the last two to resist of the allied fleet struck their
colors.
During the night of the 21st these eleven ships anchored at the mouth of
Cadiz harbor, which they could not then enter, on account of a land wind
from south-east. At the same time the British and their prizes were
being carried shoreward by the heavy swell which had prevailed during
the battle; the light air blowing from the sea not enabling them to haul
off. The situation was one of imminent peril. At midnight the wind
freshened much, but fortunately hauled to the southward, whence it blew
a gale all the 22d. The ships got their heads to the westward and drew
off shore, with thirteen of the prizes; the other four having had to
anchor off Cape Trafalgar. That morning the _Bucentaure_, Villeneuve’s
late flagship, was wrecked on some rocks off the entrance to Cadiz; and
toward evening the _Redoutable_, that had so nobly supported her, was
found to be sinking astern of the British ship that had her in tow.
During the night of the 22d she went down with a hundred and fifty of
her people still on board. On the 24th the same fate befell the great
_Santisima Trinidad_, which had been the French admiral’s next ahead.
Thus his own ship and his two supports vanished from the seas.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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