TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=. Superscripts are denoted by ^ and have not been expanded. Subscripts in chemical formulae are denoted by _ eg CO_2. Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. More detail can be found at the end of the book. MAKERS OF BRITISH BOTANY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER [Illustration: (Publisher colophon)] Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET London: WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28, ESSEX STREET, STRAND Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. _All rights reserved_ [Illustration: Frontispiece _John Hutton Balfour (1878)_] MAKERS OF BRITISH BOTANY A COLLECTION OF BIOGRAPHIES BY LIVING BOTANISTS Edited by F. W. OLIVER Cambridge: at the University Press 1913 Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS PREFACE The origin and scope of the present book will be found fully indicated in the _Introduction_, so that it is not needful to refer to them here. One change in the original scheme of the work has been made during its passage through the press, viz. the inclusion of an additional chapter from the pen of Prof. F. O. Bower dealing with the life of the late Sir Joseph Hooker. Our veteran botanist passed away on Dec. 10, 1911, in his 95th year, and in him botany loses its outstanding personality as well as its principal link with the past. The history of botany in this country during the Victorian period, when it comes to be written, must of necessity be woven around the life of this great man. For the excellent index to the book the reader is indebted to Dr E. de Fraine, whose care and good judgment in this matter will be fully appreciated. F. W. O. _October, 1912_ CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Robert Morison 1620-1683 and John Ray 1627-1705. By Sydney Howard Vines 8 Nehemiah Grew 1641-1712. By Agnes Arber 44 Stephen Hales 1677-1761. By Francis Darwin 65 John Hill 1716-1775. By T. G. Hill 84 Robert Brown 1773-1858. By J. B. Farmer 108 Sir William Hooker 1785-1865. By F. O. Bower 126 John Stevens Henslow 1796-1861. By George Henslow 151 John Lindley 1799-1865. By Frederick Keeble 164 William Griffith 1810-1845. By W. H. Lang 178