The practical application of these principles led to a classification of plants which, though of course imperfect, was at least a good beginning. Following Theophrastus, Cesalpino divided plants into two main groups, (1) Trees and Shrubs, (2) Undershrubs and Herbs: each of these groups was then subdivided according to the nature of the fruit and of the flower. It will be observed that Cesalpino, as was customary at that time, designated as "seeds" all indehiscent one-seeded fruits, such as nuts and the varieties of achene. The following abstract will suffice to give an adequate idea of the results obtained. The author's own words are given as nearly as possible. ARBOREAE: =Seminibus saepius solitariis=: Glandiferae: _e.g._ _Quercus_. Vasculiferae: _Fagus_, _Castanea_. Nuciferae: _Juglans_, _Carpinus_, _Corylus_, _Ulmus_, _Tilia_, _Acer_, &c. Pericarpio tectae; flore in sede fructus: _Prunus_, &c. flore in apice fructus: _Viburnum_, _Aesculus_, &c. =Seminibus pluribus=: Flore carentes: _Ficus_. Flos in summo fructus: _Morus_, _Sambucus_, _Hedera_, _Rosa_, &c. Flos in sede fructus: _Vitis_, _Arbutus_, _Cornus_, &c. Sedes seminis multiplex tecta communi corpore: _Pyrus_, _Citrus_. " " in siliquam producta: leguminous plants. " " bipartita: _Nerium_, _Syringa_, _Populus_, _Betula_, _Salix_, &c. " " tripartita: _Buxus_, _Myrtus_. " " quadripartita: _Vitex_, _Euonymus_. " " tecta proprio corpore: coniferous plants. HERBACEAE: =Solitariis Seminibus=: Semina nuda, papposa: _Valeriana_. Semina pericarpio obducta: _Daphne_, _Jasminum_. Flos in summo fructus: _Osyris_, _Valerianella_. Flos in sede fructus, semen calyce exceptum: _Urtica_, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Typhaceae. =Solitariis Pericarpiis=: Flos exterius situs (Pomum): Cucurbitaceae. Flos inferius situs (Bacca): Solanaceae, _Ruscus_, _Arum_, _Actaea_, &c. =Solitariis Vasculis=: Legumina: leguminous herbs. Capsulae: Caryophyllaceae, Primulaceae, Gentianaceae, &c. =Binis Seminibus=: (Genus Ferulaceum) Umbelliferae. =Binis Conceptaculis=: Semina solitaria in singulis alveolis: Rubiaceae. " plura, flore continuo: Scrophulariaceae, &c. " " flore in foliola quaterna diviso: Cruciferae. =Triplici Principio, non-Bulbosae=: Semina nuda: _Thalictrum_. " solitaria in tribus alveolis: Euphorbiaceae. " plura in tribus alveolis: Convolvulaceae, Campanulaceae, &c. =Triplici Principio, Bulbosae=: Flos inferius sedet: bulbous Liliaceae. Flos in summo fructus: Amaryllidaceae. Bulbaceis ascribi desiderant: other Liliaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae. =Quaternis Seminibus=: Boraginaceae, Labiatae. =Pluribus Seminibus in communi sede=: most Compositae.