Norman and Gilbert 29 Franklin and some contemporaries 68 Galvani, discoverer of animal electricity 133 Volta, the founder of electrical science 162 Coulomb 188 Hans Christian Oersted 205 André Marie Ampère 232 Ohm, the founder of mathematical electricity 258 Faraday 299 Clerk Maxwell 334 Lord Kelvin 361 ILLUSTRATIONS Page The double pivoted needle of Petrus Peregrinus 19 First pivoted compass, Peregrinus, 1269 17 Magnetic Declination at New York 21 " " " San Francisco 21 " " in London, in 1580 and 1907 23 First dip-circle, invented by Norman in 1576 29 Norman's illustration of magnetic dip 31 Gilbert's orb of virtue, 1600 32 Behavior of compass-needle on a terrella or spherical lodestone 44 Gilbert's "versorium" or electroscope 69 Gordon's electric chimes, 1745 75 Modern form of Leyden jar, with movable coatings 87 Three coated panes in series 89 " panes in parallel 89 " jars in parallel 90 " jars in cascade 90 Discharge by alternate contacts 94 Tassel of long threads or light strips of paper 101 Procopius Divisch (1696-1765) 108 The Divisch lightning conductor (1754) 111 Set of pointed rods 112 Galvani (portrait) opposite page 133 Volta " " " 162 Oersted " " " 205 Ampère " " " 232 Faraday " " " 299 Clerk Maxwell (portrait) opposite page 334 Lord Kelvin " " " 361 MAKERS OF ELECTRICITY. CHAPTER I. PEREGRINUS AND COLUMBUS. The ancients laid down the laws of literary form in prose as well as in verse, and bequeathed to posterity works which still serve as models of excellence. Their poets and historians continue to be read for the sake of the narrative and beauty of the style; their philosophers for breadth and depth of thought; and their orators for judicious analysis and impassioned eloquence.