Makers of ElectricityWalsh, James J. (James Joseph)
History
Makers of Electricity
Walsh, James J. (James Joseph)
Electricity -- Biography
At this time the science of comparative anatomy was just beginning to
attract widespread attention. John Hunter, in London, was doing a great
work in this line, which placed him in the front rank of contributors to
biology and collectors of important facts in all the sciences allied to
anatomy and physiology. Galvani's work on birds, then, made him a
pioneer in the biological sciences that were to attract so much
attention during the nineteenth century. His experimental work in
comparative anatomy, strange as it might seem, and apparently not to be
expected, led him into the domain of electricity, through the
observation of certain phenomena of animal electricity and the effects
of electrical currents on animals.
Like so many other great discoveries in science, Galvani's first
attraction to his subject of animal electricity is often said to have
been the result of a happy accident. Of course it is easy to talk of
accidents in these cases. Archimedes and his bath; the fall of the apple
for Newton; Laennec's observation of the boys tapping on a log in the
courtyard of the Louvre and the ready conduction of sound, from which he
got his idea for the invention of the stethoscope; Lord Kelvin's
eye-glass falling and showing him how a weightless arm for his
electrometer might be obtained in a beam of light,--may all be called
happy accidents if you will. Without the inventive scientific genius
ready to take advantage of them, however, these accidents would not have
been raised to the higher plane of important incidents in the history of
science. These phenomena had probably occurred under men's eyes hundreds
of times before, but there was no great mind ready to receive the seeds
of thought suggested, nor to follow out the conclusions so obviously
indicated. Galvani's observation of the twitching of the muscles of the
frog under the influence of electricity, may be called one of the happy
accidents of scientific development, but it was Galvani's own genius
that made the accident happy.
There are two stories told as to the method of the first observation in
this matter. Both of them make his wife an important factor in the
discovery. According to a popular but less authentic form of the
history, Galvani was engaged in preparing some frogs' legs as a special
dainty for his wife, who was ill and liked this delicacy very much. He
thought so much of her that he was doing this himself, in the hope that
she would be thus more readily tempted to eat them. While so engaged, he
exposed the large nerve of the animal's hind legs, and at the same time
split the skin covering the muscles. In doing this he touched the nerve
muscle preparation, as this has come to be called, with the scalpel and
the forceps simultaneously, with the result that twitchings occurred.
While seeking the cause of these twitchings, the idea of animal
electricity came to him.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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