The present volume is published at the solicitation of many friends who have read the articles contained in it as they appeared at various times in magazines and who deemed that they were worth preservation in a more permanent form. The only possible claim for its filling a want lies in the fact that it presents these workers in medicine not only as scientists but also and especially as men, in relation to their environment, social, religious and educational. I have to thank the editors of the _Messenger, Donahoe's Magazine, The Catholic World_ and the _Records of the American Catholic Historical Society_, for permission to reprint the articles which appeared in their periodicals. The opening chapter, The Making of Medicine, is an abstract from the introductory lecture of the course in the history of medicine at the Fordham University Medical School, New York. Much of the material for the article on the Irish School of Medicine was gathered for a lecture before the Historical Club of Johns Hopkins University and the District Medical Society of the District of Columbia. The sketch of the life of Dr. Jenner has not hitherto been published. All of the other articles have been considerably lengthened and revised. There are other makers of modern medicine who deserve a place beside those mentioned here, but as the material had reached the amount that would make a good-sized volume it {viii} was thought better to proceed with the publication of the first series of sketches, which will be followed by others if conditions conspire to encourage any further additions to our not very copious English medical biography. A subsequent volume will contain sketches of the lives of old-time makers of medicine in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the men who laid the firm foundations of our medical science of the present day. I have to thank my friend of many years and brother alumnus of Fordham University, Dr. Austin O'Malley, of Philadelphia, for reading the proofs and for suggestions while the book was going through the press. {9} CONTENTS. PAGE The Making of Medicine 11 Morgagni, Father of Pathology 27 Auenbrugger, Inventor of Percussion 53 Jenner, Discoverer of Vaccination 87 Galvani, Founder of Animal Electricity 113 Laennec, Father of Physical Diagnosis 133 The Irish School of Medicine--Graves, Stokes, Corrigan 165 Müller, Father of German Medicine 215 Schwann, Founder of the Cell Doctrine 251 Claude Bernard, Discoverer in Physiology 269 Pasteur, Father of Preventive Medicine 291 O'Dwyer, Inventor of Intubation 323 {10} {11} THE MAKING OF MEDICINE {12}