_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 146, 150. Footnote 44: _Ibid._ p. 154; Condorcet, _Esquisse_, pp. 364–373. Footnote 45: The _locus classicus_ in Malthus is _Essay_, Append, (of 1817), p. 512; cf. III. iii. 286, IV. xiii. 474. The pages are those of the 7th edition (Reeves and Turner), a reprint of the 6th. Footnote 46: Malthus sometimes uses the word in the earlier sense, and Adam Smith seldom in the later. Footnote 47: Lecky, _Hist. of Eighteenth Century_, vol ii. p. 638. Footnote 48: Cf. Godwin, pref. to _Pol. Just._ Footnote 49: Hansard, _Parl. Hist._, vol. xxxiii, pp. 703 _seq._, Feb 12, 1796; cf. vol. xxxii. pp. 687 _seq._ The “Speenhamland Act of Parliament” was really an act of the Berkshire magistrates (1795), but had been widely imitated, and had certainly prepared the way for Pitt’s bill. Footnote 50: Cf. _Essay_, 7th ed., I. vii. p. 65; 1st ed., pp. 94, 95, &c. Footnote 51: Godwin, _Pol. Just._, VIII. viii. 508 (3rd ed.). Footnote 52: Preface to _Essay_, 2nd ed. Footnote 53: By implication. See below, Book I. ch. vii. p. 175. Footnote 54: _Moral and Political Essays_, Vol. I., Essay XI., Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations (ed. 1768), written in 1752. Footnote 55: So even Sir James Steuart, Vol. I. _Pol. Econ._, ch. iii. p. 22 (ed. 1805), might have helped him. Steuart wrote in 1767. Footnote 56: _Essay_, Book II. ch. vi.; 7th ed., p. 184. Footnote 57: Buckle would include Voltaire. See _Civil. in Europe_, ii. 304 n. Footnote 58: _Wealth of Nations_, I. viii. 36, 2 (MacCulloch’s ed.). These passages are said to have suggested to Malthus the idea of his essay. The article on Population in _Edin. Review_, Aug. 1810, possibly written by Malthus himself, bears out this view. Footnote 59: Compare _Essay_, Appendix (to 3rd ed., 1807), 7th ed., p. 507. Footnote 60: _Records of Creation_, 1816. Footnote 61: 1st ed., p. 395. Footnote 62: _Ibid._ p. 353. This and much else were probably suggested by Tucker, _Light of Nature_, Theology, ch. xix. (especially § 20). Cf. below, Book III. Footnote 63: _Essay_, 1st ed., p. 381. Footnote 64: _Ibid._ p. 371. Footnote 65: Cf. _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 65; later editions, I. vi. (beginning), where he says that sloth is the natural state of man, and his activity is due in the first instance to the “strong goad of necessity,” though it may be kept up afterwards by habit, the spirit of enterprise, and the thirst for glory. Footnote 66: 1st ed., pp. 360–366. For the replenishment of the gap made by the Great Plague of 1348, see Prof. Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_ (1884), p. 226. Footnote 67: 1st ed., p. 391. Footnote 68: