See _e. g._ Mackenzie Wallace: _Russia_, vol. ii. pp. 48, 90, &c. Footnote 194: _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 72; 7th ed., pp. 50, 51. Footnote 195: _Gibbon_, ch. ix. p. 175. Footnote 196: Tacitus, _Germ._ 14. Footnote 197: 2nd ed., pp. 74, 77; 7th ed., pp. 52, 53. Footnote 198: Ch. ix. 176: “indeed the _impossibility_ of the supposition.” Footnote 199: _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ch. xvi. p. 138, ed. 1876. Footnote 200: _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 76; 7th ed., p. 53. Footnote 201: _Ibid._ Bk. I. ch. vii. Footnote 202: 2nd ed., p. 99; 7th ed., p. 68. Footnote 203: 7th ed., p. 82. Footnote 204: 2nd ed., p. 92; 7th ed., p. 63. Footnote 205: 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65. Footnote 206: _Ibid._ p. 104; 7th ed., p. 72. Footnote 207: Coleridge (MS. notes) reminds our author that Mahomet allowed oblations of _sand_ for water. Footnote 208: Cf. above, p. 96, &c. Footnote 209: 2nd ed., III. xi. 474–5; 7th ed., III. xiv. 381. Footnote 210: Especially Book I. ch. x., the chapter on Turkey. Footnote 211: _Essay_, Bk. I. ch. xii., ‘China and Japan.’ Footnote 212: 2nd ed., p. 162; 7th ed., p. 112. Footnote 213: _Ibid._ p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120. Footnote 214: See _Essay_, Bk. I. chs. xiii., xiv. Footnote 215: Sparta is the chief Greek instance. Footnote 216: 2nd ed., p. 172; 7th ed., p. 118. Footnote 217: 2nd ed., p. 150; cf. pp. 164, 172–3. 7th ed., p. 104; cf. pp. 113, 118. Footnote 218: See above, p. 99. Footnote 219: 1st ed., p. 119; 7th ed., Appendix, p. 515. Footnote 220: _Essay_, 7th ed., p. 122. Footnote 221: 2nd ed., p. 254; 7th ed., p. 246. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 172, 175, and 67; 7th ed., pp. 118, 120, and 47. Cf. Hume, _Pop. of Anc. N._, pp. 487, and especially 504. Footnote 222: 7th ed., pp. 163, 387, 394; 2nd ed., pp. 113, 287, 292. Cf. 1st ed., pp. 118–19, 123 n. Footnote 223: 2nd ed., p. 178; 7th ed., p. 122. Footnote 224: 7th ed., p. 380, top. Footnote 225: 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120. Footnote 226: 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120. Footnote 227: 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. “It is therefore upon these causes alone,—independently of [2nd ed. says ‘besides’] actual enumerations,—on which we can with certainty rely.” Footnote 228: Dr. Wallace, _Dissertation_, p. 55, had given Attica in its palmy days a population of 608 to the square mile; England in the nineteenth century has only 445, and crowded Belgium 487. Footnote 229: _Essay_, 1st ed., p. 54; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122; cf. pp. 262, 434. Cf. _Wealth of Nations_, IV. vii. 254, 255. Footnote 230: _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 598; 7th ed., p. 476. Footnote 231: _l. c._ cf. 2nd ed., pp. 175, 178; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122. Footnote 232: _Essay on Population_, 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. Footnote 233: _E. g._ II. iii. 152, 1; IV. ix. 304, 2 (ed. MacC.). Footnote 234: _E. g._ 7th ed., pp. 307, 434, 473–4. Footnote 235: