_l. c._ _Pol. Econ._, Introd. (1820), pp. 6 and 7 n., (1836) p. 5 n. Cf. Tooke, _Prices_, Part I. p. 6 (ed. 1823). Footnote 658: Tooke, _Prices_, Part III. p. 91. Footnote 659: See _Tract on Value_, p. 18. Footnote 660: _Quarterly_, April 1823, p. 230. Footnote 661: _Econ. Pol._, Part III. ch. ii., 2nd ed., 1842; 1st ed., 1802. Footnote 662: “Products” is Say’s word, however. Footnote 663: _Elements_ (1821), ch. iv. sect. iii. pp. 186 _seq._ “That consumption is coextensive with production.” Mill taught this as early as 1808 in his tract (against Spence) _Commerce defended_. Footnote 664: _Lettres à M. Malthus sur différents sujets d’écon. pol., notamment sur les causes de la stagnation générale du commerce_ (1820), pp. 26 _seq._ Footnote 665: _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 355, (1836) p. 316. Against Say’s general position see _Definitions_, p. 56 n. Footnote 666: _Wealth of Nations_, I. iii. Footnote 667: See above, p. 232. A curious footnote in _Essay on Pop._, 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 264, suggested that there might be over-production in the case of high farming when its cost made the farmers charge more than the public could bear. But this note disappeared afterwards. Footnote 668: Ricardo, _Pol. Econ. and Taxation_, ch. xxi. p. 176 (MacCull.’s ed.). Mill (_Elements_, pp. 193 ft., 194) is more rigid. Footnote 669: _Essay_, 7th ed., IV. xiii. 473. Footnote 670: _Pol. Econ._ (1836), ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 239, slightly altered from 1st ed., 1820, ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 266. Footnote 671: Sismondi, _Nouveaux Principes de l’Écon. Pol._, 1819. See Malthus, _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 420, (1836) pp. 325 n., 366 n. Cf. on the other hand _Essay_, III. xiii. 372–3 and n. Footnote 672: _Wealth of Nations_, V. i. art. ii. pp. 350–353 (ed. MacC.). He is outrivalled by Ferguson, _Civil Society_, parts iv. and v. (ed. 1773). Footnote 673: 3rd ed. of _Pol. Ec. and Tax._ (1821), ch. xxxi. pp. 468–9, ed. MacCull., pp. 235–6. Cf. below (Critics). It is the position of Marx. Footnote 674: If we believe Bowring, _Life of Bentham_ (ed. 1843), p. 176. Footnote 675: “Supposing that his opinions have not altered within the last twelve months.”—_De Quincey_, vol. iv. p. 231. Footnote 676: James Mill, _Elements_, pp. 193, 194. MacCull., _Pol. Ec._, p. 207. Cf. the tract _Mordecai Mullion_ (1826). Footnote 677: Especially by Sunday Schools, according to the testimony of Samuel Bamford.—_Radical_, vol. i. p. 7 (1844). Footnote 678: We have his counterpart in our own day. Footnote 679: See below, Bk. III., for disproof of the charge that he was reactionary in his politics, like many economical optimists. Footnote 680: _Pol. Econ._, 1820, p. 236. Footnote 681: _l. c._ p. 472. Footnote 682: _Emigr. Comm._ (1827), p. 317, qu. 3281. Footnote 683: