Trees that are characteristic of parts of the Hudsonian Life-zone include the alpine fir (_Abies lasiocarpa_), mountain hemlock (_Tsuga mertensiana_), Alaska cedar (_Chamaecyparis nootkatensis_) and white-barked pine (_Pinus albicaulis_). The following shrubs are listed by Jones (1938) as common in the Hudsonian Life-zone on Mt. Rainier: _Salix barclayi_, _Salix commutata_, _Juniperus sibirica_, _Alnus sinuata_, _Ribes howellii_, _Lutkea pectinata_, _Potentilla fruticosa_, _Sorbus occidentalis_, _Spiraea densiflora_, _Pachistima myrsinites_, _Arctostaphylos nevadensis_, _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_, _Cassiope mertensiana_, _Cassiope stelleriana_, _Phyllodoce empetriformis_, _Rhododendron albiflorum_ and _Gaultheria ovalifolia_. [Illustration: FIG. 8. North side of Mount Rainier, 14,408 feet, with Mount Adams at left and Mount St. Helens at right. June 19, 1932. (Photo by 116th Photo Section, Washington National Guard, No. 011-36A-116.)] There are extensive coniferous forests in the Canadian Life-zone, still lower on the mountain slopes. This is an area of lesser temperature extremes than is the Hudsonian Life-zone. The average annual temperature at Longmire, 2761 feet, Mt. Rainier, is 43.8°. The average temperature for the winter months, however, is below freezing. In July and August the temperatures are high, especially in the daytime. The eighteen year average for Longmire during these months is 60.6°. Snow is regular but the fall is lighter than in the Hudsonian Life-zone. The annual average, over a period of nineteen years, is 184.4 inches at Longmire. Precipitation is similar to that in the Hudsonian Life-zone, averaging perhaps slightly less. In the Cascades the typical feature of the Canadian Life-zone is the extensive coniferous forest that extends, almost without a break, the entire length of the Cascades on both sides of the main crest. In addition to Douglas fir, the following trees occur in this forest: western hemlock (_Tsuga heterophylla_), amabalis fir (_Abies amabalis_), white pine (_Pinus monticola_) and noble fir (_Abies nobilis_). Other plants include _Vaccinnium ovalifolium_, _Vaccinnium membranaceum_, _Menziesia ferruginea_, _Alnus sinuata_, _Acer circinatum_, _Sorbus cascadensis_, _Cornus canadensis_, _Clintonia uniflora_, _Stenauthium occidentale_, _Galium oreganum_, and _Prenanthes lessingii_. Saprophytes abundant in, if not confined to, this zone are listed by Jones as: _Monotropa uniflora_, _Monotropa hypopitys_, _Allotropa virguta_, _Newberrya congesta_, _Pterospora andromedea_, _Corallorrhiza maculata_, _Corallorrhiza mertensiana_ and _Corallorrhiza striata_.