Thus in both hemispheres the iso-cultural bands follow the isothermal lines in all their deflections, and the human varieties everywhere faithfully reflect the conditions of their several environments. FOOTNOTES: [1] _Ethnology_, Chaps. V. and VII. [2] See A. H. Keane, _Ethnology_, 1909, Chap. VII. [3] H. Klaatsch, "Die Aurignac-Rasse und ihre Stellung im Stammbaum des Menschen," _Ztschr. f. Eth._ LII. 1910. See also _Praehistorische Zeitschrift_, Vol. I. 1909. [4] Cf. A. Keith's criticisms in _Nature_, Vol. LXXXV. 1911, p. 508. [5] W. L. H. Duckworth, _Prehistoric Man_, 1912, p. 146. [6] W. Ridgeway, "The Influence of Environment on Man," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._, Vol. XL. 1910, p. 10. [7] E. Dubois, "_Pithecanthropus erectus_, transitional form between Man and the Apes," _Sci. Trans. R. Dublin Soc._ 1898. [8] O. Schoetensack, _Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis_, etc., 1908. [9] C. Dawson and A. Smith Woodward, "On the Discovery of a Palaeolithic Skull and Mandible," etc., _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ 1913. [10] This was the view of A. Smith Woodward when the skull was first exhibited (_loc. cit._), but in his paper, "Missing Links among Extinct Animals," _Brit. Ass._ Birmingham, 1913, he is inclined to regard "Piltdown man, or some close relative" as "on the direct line of descent with ourselves." For A. Keith's criticism see _The Antiquity of Man_, 1915, p. 503. [11] W. L. H. Duckworth, _Prehistoric Man_, 1912, p. 8. [12] For the relation between chin formation and power of speech, see E. Walkhoff, "Der Unterkiefer der Anthropomorphen und des Menschen in seiner funktionellen Entwicklung und Gestalt," E. Selenka, _Menschenaffen_, 1902; H. Obermaier, _Der Mensch der Vorzeit_, 1912, p. 362; and W. Wright, "The Mandible of Man from the Morphological and Anthropological points of view," _Essays and Studies presented to W. Ridgeway_, 1913. [13] Cf. W. L. H. Duckworth, _Prehistoric Man_, 1912, p. 10, and A. Keith, _The Antiquity of Man_, 1915, p. 237. [14] A. Smith Woodward, 1070 c.c.; A. Keith, 1400 c.c. [15] G. G. MacCurdy, following G. S. Miller, _Smithsonian Misc. Colls._ Vol. 65, No. 12 (1915), is convinced that "in place of _Eoanthropus dawsoni_ we have two individuals belonging to different genera," a human cranium and the jaw of a chimpanzee. _Science_, N.S. Vol. XLIII. 1916, p. 231. See also Appendix A. [16] For a full description see _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ March, 1913. Also A. Keith, _The Antiquity of Man_, 1915, p. 320, and pp. 430-452. [17] C. Dawson and A. Smith Woodward, "Supplementary Note on the Discovery of a Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible at Piltdown (Sussex)," _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ April, 1914. [18] _The Antiquity of Man_, 1915, p. 209. [19] Thus Lucretius: "Arma antiqua manus, ungues, dentesque fuerunt, Et lapides, et item silvarum fragmina rami." [20] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._ 1896, p. 133. [21] _Inaugural Address_, Brit. Ass. Meeting, Toronto, 1897.