[406] Almost hopeless confusion continues to prevail in the tribal nomenclature of these multitudinous hill peoples. The official sanction given to the terms _Kuki_ and _Lushai_ as collective names may be regretted, but seems now past remedy. _Kuki_ is unknown to the people themselves, while _Lushai_ is only the name of a single group proud of their head-hunting proclivities, hence they call themselves, or perhaps are called _Lu-Shai_, "Head-Cutters," from _lu_ head, _sha_ to cut (G. H. Damant). Other explanations suggested by C. A. Soppitt (_Kuki-Lushai Tribes, with an Outline Grammar of the Rangkhol-Lushai Language_, Shillong, 1887) cannot be accepted. [407] _Op. cit._ [408] See G. A. Grierson and Sten Konow in Grierson's _Linguistic Survey of India_, Vol. III. Part II. Bodo, N[=a]g[=a] and Kachin, 1903, Part III. Kuki-Chin and Burma, 1904. [409] _The N[=a]ga Tribes of Manipur_, 1911, p. 2. Cf. J. Shakespear, "The Kuki-Lushai Clans," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XXXIX. 1909. [410] _Op. cit. p. 5._ [411] _Op. cit._ p. 122. A custom of human sacrifice among the Naga is described in the _Journal of the Burma Research Society_, 1911, "Human Sacrifices near the Upper Chindwin." [412] It is a curious phonetic phenomenon that the combinations _kl_ and _tl_ are indistinguishable in utterance, so that it is immaterial whether this term be written _Kling_ or _Tling_, though the latter form would be preferable, as showing its origin from _Telinga_. [413] "The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1887, p. 350. [414] R. Brown, _Statistical Account of Manipur_, 1874. [415] T. C. Hodson, _The Meitheis_, 1908, p. 96. [416] T. C. Hodson, _The Meitheis_, 1908, pp. 96-7. [417] G. Watt, _loc. cit._ p. 362. [418] _The Chin Hills_, etc., Vol. I., Rangoon, 1896. [419] _Op. cit._ p. 165. [420] R. C. Temple, Art. "Burma," Hastings, _Ency. Religion and Ethics_, 1910. [421] Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 9. [422] Prince Henri d'Orleans writes "que les Singphos et les Katchins [Kakhyens] ne font qu'un, que le premier mot est _thai_ et le second birman." _Du Tonkin aux Indes_, 1898, p. 311. This is how the ethnical confusion in these borderlands gets perpetuated. _Singpho_ is not _Thai_, i.e. Shan or Siamese, but a native word as here explained. [423] John Anderson, _Mandalay to Momein_, 1876, p. 131. [424] Three skulls discovered by M. Mansuy in a cave at Pho-Binh-Gia (Indo-China) associated with Neolithic culture were markedly dolichocephalic, resembling in some respects the Cro-Magnon race of the Reindeer period. Cf. R. Verneau, _L'Anthropologie_, XX. 1909. [425] _The Loyal Karens of Burma_, 1887. [426] R. C. Temple, _Academy_, Jan. 29, 1887, p. 72. [427] Forbes, _Languages of Further India_, p. 61. [428] _Ibid._ p. 55. [429] G. W. Bird, _Wanderings in Burma_, 1897, p. 335.