[430] The Burmese is the most mixed race in the province. "Originally Dravidians of some sort, they seem to have received blood from various sources--Hindu, Musalm[=a]n, Chinese, Sh[=a]n, Talaing, European and others." W. Crooke, "The Stability of Caste and Tribal Groups in India," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Soc._ XLIV. 1914, p. 279, quoting the _Ethnographic Survey of India_, 1906. [431] J. G. Scott, _Burma_, etc., 1886, p. 115. [432] _Op. cit._ p. 118. [433] "The Taungbyon Festival, Burma," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Soc._ XLV. 1915, p. 355. [434] _Amongst the Shans_, etc., 1885, p. 233. [435] Cf. the Shans of Yunnan, who are nearly all "tatoues, depuis la ceinture jusqu'au genou, de dessins bleus si serres qu'ils paraissent former une vraie culotte," Pr. Henri d'Orleans, _Du Tonkin aux Indes_, 1898, p. 83. [436] For recent literature on Burma and the Burmese consult besides the _Ethnographic Survey of India_, 1906, and the _Census Report_ of 1911, J. G. Scott, _The Burman_, 1896, and _Burma_, 1906; A. Ireland, _The Province of Burma_, 1907; H. Fielding Hall, _The Soul of a People_, 1898, and _A People at School_, 1906. [437] Probably for _Shan-ts[)e], Shan-yen_, "highlanders" (_Shan_, mountain), _Shan_ itself being the same word as _Siam_, a form which comes to us through the Portuguese _Siao_. [438] For the Laos see L. de Reinach, _Le Laos_, 1902, with bibliography. [439] Carl Bock, MS. note. This observer notes that many of the Ngiou have been largely assimilated in type to the Burmese and in one place goes so far as to assert that "the Ngiou are decidedly of the same race as the Burmese. I have had opportunities of seeing hundreds of both countries, and of closely watching their features and build. The Ngiou wear the hair in a topknot in the same way as the Burmese, but they are easily distinguished by their tattooing, which is much more elaborate" (_Temples and Elephants_, 1884, p. 297). Of course all spring from one primeval stock, but they now constitute distinct ethnical groups, and, except about the borderlands, where blends may be suspected, both the physical and mental characters differ considerably. Bock's _Ngiou_ is no doubt the same name as _Ngnio_, which H. S. Hallett applies in one place to the Mosse Shans north of Zimme, and elsewhere to the Burmese Shans collectively (_A Thousand Miles on an Elephant_, 1890, pp. 158 and 358). [440] "Les Pai ne sont autres que des Laotiens" (Prince Henri, p. 42). [441] One Shan group, the Deodhaings, still persist, and occupy a few villages near Sibsagar (S. E. Peal, _Nature_, June 19, 1884, p. 169). Dalton also mentions the _Kamjangs_, a Khamti (Tai) tribe in the Sadiya district, Assam (_Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 6).