[510] These are the noted _Illanuns_, who occupy the south side of the large Philippine island of Mindanao, but many of whom, like the Bajaus of Celebes and the Sulu Islanders, have formed settlements on the north-east coast of Borneo. "Long ago their warfare against the Spaniards degenerated into general piracy. Their usual practice was not to take captives, but to murder all on board any boat they took. Those with us [British North Borneo] have all settled down to a more orderly way of life" (W. B. Pryer, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1886, p. 231). [511] _The Malay Archipelago_, p. 341. [512] In Central Africa "the belief in 'were' animals, that is to say in human beings who have changed themselves into lions or leopards or some such harmful beasts, is nearly universal. Moreover there are individuals who imagine they possess this power of assuming the form of an animal and killing human beings in that shape." Sir H. H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 439. [513] _In Court and Kampong_, p. 63. [514] _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1886, p. 227. The Rajah gives the leading features of the character of his countrymen as "pride of race and birth, extraordinary observance of punctilio, and a bigoted adherence to ancient custom and tradition." [515] _The Pygmies_ (Translation), 1895, p. 26, fig. 15. [516] _The Distribution of the Negritos_, 1899, p. 50. [517] In the Appendix to C. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_, 1912, p. 311. [518] J. H. Kohlbrugge, _L'Anthropologie_, IX. 1898. [519] A. C. Haddon, "A Sketch of the Ethnography of Sarawak," _Archivio per l'Antropologia e l'Etnologia_, XXXI. 1901; C. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_, 1912, Appendix, p. 314. [520] H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, 1896. [521] O. Beccari, _Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo_, 1904, p. 54. [522] Schwaner, in H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak_, etc., 1896. [523] A. C. Haddon, _Head-Hunters, Black, White and Brown_, 1901, p. 324. [524] A. C. Haddon, _Head-Hunters, Black, White and Brown_, 1901, pp. 327-8. [525] For further literature on Borneo see W. H. Furness, _The Home-life of the Borneo Head-Hunters_, 1902; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, 1904; E. H. Gomes, _Seventeen Years among the Sea-Dyaks of Borneo_, 1911; C. Hose and W. McDougall, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, XXXI. 1901, and _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_, 1912. [526] Not only in the southern districts for centuries subject to Javanese influences, but also in Battaland, where they were first discovered by H. von Rosenberg in 1853, and figured and described in _Der Malayische Archipel_, Leipzig, 1878, Vol. I. p. 27 sq. "Nach ihrer Form und ihren Bildwerken zu urtheilen, waren die Gebaeude Tempel, worin der Buddha-Kultus gefeiert wurde" (p. 28). These are all the more interesting since Hindu ruins are otherwise rare in Sumatra, where there is nothing comparable to the stupendous monuments of Central and East Java.