[589] "Sumer and Sumerian," _Ency. Brit._ 1911, with references. [590] _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 2nd ed. 1909, p. 404. [591] E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 2nd ed. 1909, p. 406. L. W. King (_History of Sumer and Akkad_, 1910) discusses Meyer's arguments and points out that the earliest Sumerian gods appear to be free from Semitic influence (p. 51). He is inclined, however, to regard the Sumerians as displacing an earlier Semitic people (Hutchinson's _History of the Nations_, 1914, pp. 221 and 229). [592] Ellsworth Huntington, _The Pulse of Asia_, 1910, p. 382. [593] L. W. King, _History of Sumer and Akkad_, 1910, p. 357. [594] E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 2nd ed. 1909, p. 463. [595] L. W. King, _History of Sumer and Akkad_, 1910, p. 61, and the article, "Chronology. Babylonia and Assyria," _Ency. Brit._ 1911. Cf. also E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 2nd ed. 1909, Sec.Sec. 329 and 383. [596] The cylinder-seals and tablets of Fara, excavated by Koldewey, Andrae and Noeldeke in 1902-3 may go back to 3400 B.C. Cf. L. W. King, _loc. cit._ p. 65. [597] C. H. W. Johns, _Ancient Babylonia_, 1913, regards Sharrukin as "Sargon of Akkad," p. 39. [598] L. W. King, _History of Sumer and Akkad_, 1910, pp. 234, 343, where the seal is referred to a period not much earlier than the First Dynasty of Babylon. [599] H. V. Hilprecht, _The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania_, Series D, Vol. v. 1. 1910. [600] See _The Times_, June 24, 1914. [601] "Babylonia and Elam Four Thousand Years Ago," in _Knowledge_, May 1, 1896, p. 116 sq. and elsewhere. [602] The term "Elam" is said to have the same meaning as "Akkad" (_i.e._ Highland) in contradistinction to "Sumer" (Lowland). It should be noted that neither Akkad nor Sumer occurs in the oldest texts, where Akkad is called _Kish_ from the name of its capital, and Sumer _Kiengi_ (_Kengi_), probably a general name meaning "the land." Kish has been identified with the Kush of Gen. x., one of the best abused words in Palethnology. For this identification, however, there is some ground, seeing that Kush is mentioned in the closest connection with "Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar" (Mesopotamia) _v._ 10. [603] J. de Morgan, _Memoires de la Delegation en Perse_, 1899-1906. [604] S. Laing, _Human Origins_, p. 74.