[617] Either from the Chinese _Tunghu_, "Eastern Barbarians," or from the Turki _Tinghiz_, as in Isaac Massa: _per interpretes se Tingoesi vocari dixerunt_ (_Descriptio_, etc., Amsterdam, 1612). But there is no collective national name, and at present they call themselves _Don-ki_, _Boia_, _Boie_, etc., terms all meaning "Men," "People." In the Chinese records they are referred to under the name of _I-lu_ so early as 263 A.D., when they dwelt in the forest region between the Upper Temen and Yalu rivers on the one hand and the Pacific Ocean on the other, and paid tribute in kind--sable furs, bows, and stone arrow-heads. Arrows and stone arrow-heads were also the tribute paid to the emperors of the Shang dynasty (1766-1154 B.C.) by the _Su-shen_, who dwelt north of the Liao-tung peninsula, so that we have here official proof of a Stone Age of long duration in Manchuria. Later, the Chinese chronicles mention the _U-ki_ or _Mo-ho_, a warlike people of the Sungari valley and surrounding uplands, who in the 7th century founded the kingdom of _Pu-ha[=i]_, overthrown in 925 by the Khitans of the Lower Sungari below its Noni confluence, who were themselves Tunguses and according to some Chinese authorities the direct ancestors of the Manchus. [618] "C'est la tendance de la tete a se developper en hauteur, juste en sens inverse de l'aplatissement vertical du Mongol. La tete du Turc est donc a la fois plus haute et plus courte" (_L'Anthropologie_, VI. 3, p. 8). [619] Reclus, VI.; Eng. ed. p. 360. [620] V. M. Mikhailovskii, _Shamanism in Siberia and European Russia_, translated by Oliver Wardrop, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1895, p. 91. [621] M. A. Czaplicka, _Aboriginal Siberia_, 1914. Part III. discusses Shamanism, pp. 166-255. [622] Hakluyt, 1809 ed., I. p. 317 sq. [623] Quoted by Mikhailovskii, p. 144. [624] Cf. H. A. Giles, _China and the Manchus_, 1912. [625] _Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie_, 1853, I. 162. [626] _Through Siberia_, 1882, Vol. II. p. 172. [627] European visitors often notice with surprise the fine physique of these natives, many of whom average nearly six feet in height. But there is an extraordinary disparity between the two sexes, perhaps greater than in any other country. The much smaller stature and feebler constitution of the women is no doubt due to the detestable custom of crippling the feet in childhood, thereby depriving them of natural exercise during the period of growth. It may be noted that the anti-foot-bandaging movement is making progress throughout China, the object being to abolish the cruel practice by making the _kin lien_ ("golden lilies") unfashionable, and the _ti mien_, the "heavenly feet,"--_i.e._ the natural--popular in their stead. [628] H. Lansdell, _Through Siberia_, 1882, II. p. 172. [629] _De l'Harmonie des Voyelles dans les Langues Uralo-Altaiques_, 1874, p. 67 sq.