[682] Not only was the usurper Nadir Shah a Turkoman of the Afshar tribe but the present reigning family belongs to the rival clan of Qajar Turkomans long settled in Khorasan, the home of their Parthian forefathers. [683] Of 59 Turkomans the hair was generally a dark brown; the eyes brown (45) and light grey (14); face orthognathous (52) and prognathous (7); eyes mostly _not_ oblique; cephalic index 68.69 to 81.76, mean 75.64; dolicho 28, sub-dolicho 18, 9 mesati, 4 sub-brachy. Five skulls from an old graveyard at Samarkand were also very heterogeneous, cephalic index ranging from 77.72 to 94.93. This last, unless deformed, exceeds in brachycephaly "le celebre crane d'un Slave vende qu'on cite dans les manuels d'anthropologie" (Th. Volkov, _L'Anthropologie,_ 1897, pp. 355-7). [684] Quoted by W. Crooke, who points out that "the opinion of the best Indian authorities seems to be gradually turning to the belief that the connection between Jats and Rajputs is more intimate than was formerly supposed" (_The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, Calcutta, 1896, III. p. 27). [685] Virgil's "indomiti Dahae" (_Aen._ VIII. 728): possibly the Dehavites (Dievi) of Ezra iv. 9. [686] _Herodotus_, Vol. I. p. 413. [687] From Pers. [Arabic Symbol], _dih, dah_, village (Parsi _dahi_). [688] _Les Aryens_, etc., p. 68 sq. [689] _De Bello Persico, passim._ [690] Crooke, _op. cit._ IV. p. 221. [691] _The Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, 1892; _The People of India_, 1908. [692] Discovered in 1889 by N. M. Yadrintseff in the Orkhon valley, which drains to the Selenga affluent of Lake Baikal. The inscriptions, one in Chinese and three in Turki, cover the four sides of a monument erected by a Chinese emperor to the memory of Kyul-teghin, brother of the then reigning Turki Khan Bilga (Mogilan). In the same historical district, where stand the ruins of Karakoram--long the centre of Turki and later of Mongol power--other inscribed monuments have also been found, all apparently in the same Turki language and script, but quite distinct from the glyptic rock carvings of the Upper Yenisei river, Siberia. The chief workers in this field were the Finnish archaeologists, J. R. Aspelin, A. Snellman and Axel O. Heikel, the results of whose labours are collected in the _Inscriptions de l'Jenissei recueillies et publiees par la Societe Finlandaise d'Archeologie_, Helsingfors, 1889; and _Inscriptions de l'Orkhon_, etc., Helsingfors, 1892. [693] "La source d'ou est tiree l'origine de l'alphabet turc, sinon immediatement, du moins par intermediaire, c'est la forme de l'alphabet semitique qu'on appelle arameenne" (_Inscriptions de l'Orkhon dechiffrees_, Helsingfors, 1894). [694] See Klaproth, _Tableau Historique de l'Asie_, p. 116 sq. [695] They are the _Onoi_, the "Tens," who at this time dwelt beyond the Scythians of the Caspian Sea (Dionysius Periegetes).