[731] Evidently much nearer to the Ural Mountains, for Jean du Plan Carpin says this "Great Hungary was the land of _Bascart_," that is, _Bashkir_, a large Finno-Turki people, who still occupy a considerable territory in the Orenburg Government about the southern slopes of the Urals. [732] With them were associated many of the surviving fugitive On-Uigurs (Gibbon's "Ogors or Varchonites"), whence the report that they were not true Avars. But the Turki genealogies would appear to admit their claim to the name, and in any case the Uigurs and Avars of those times cannot now be ethnically distinguished. _Kandish_, one of their envoys to Justinian, is clearly a Turki name, and _Varchonites_ seems to point to the Warkhon (Orkhon), seat in successive ages of the eastern Turks, the Uigurs, and the true Mongols. [733] _Ethnology_, p. 309. [734] Vambery, perhaps the best authority on this point, holds that in its structure Magyar leans more to the Finno-Ugric, and in its vocabulary to the Turki branch of the Ural-Altaic linguistic family. He attributes the effacement of the physical type partly to the effects of the environment, partly to the continuous interminglings of the Ugric, Turki, Slav, and Germanic peoples in Pannonia ("Ueber den Ursprung der Magyaren," in _Mitt. d. K. K. Geograph. Ges._, Vienna, 1897, XL. Nos. 3 and 4). [735] T. Peisker, "The Asiatic Background," _Cambridge Medieval History_, Vol. I. 1911, p. 356. [736] "Das Volk steht und faellt mit der Sprache" (_Urbewohner Brasiliens_, 1897, p. 14). CHAPTER X THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES American Origins--Fossil Man in America--The Lagoa-Santa Race--Physical Type in North America--Cranial Deformation--The Toltecs--Type of N.W. Coast Indians--Date of Migrations--Evidence from Linguistics--Stock Languages--Culture--Classification-- By Linguistics--Ethnic Movements--Archaeological Classification--Cultural Classification--_Eskimo Area_--Material Culture--Origin and Affinities--Physical Type--Social Life--_Mackenzie Area_--The Dene--Material Culture--Physical Type--Social Life--_North Pacific Coast Area_--Material Culture--Physical Type--Social Life--_Plateau Area_--Material Culture--Interior Salish--Social Organisation--_Californian Area_--Material Culture--Social Life--_Plains Area_--Material Culture--Dakota--Religion--The Sun Dance--Pawnee--Blackfeet-- Arapaho--Cheyenne--_Eastern Woodland Area_--Material Culture-- Central Group--Eastern Group--Iroquoian Tribes: Ojibway-- Religion--Iroquois--_South-eastern Area_--Material Culture-- Creeks--Yuchi--Mound-Builders--_South-western Area_--Material Culture--Transitional or Intermediate Tribes--Pueblos--Cliff Dwellings--Religion--Physical Type--Social Life. CONSPECTUS.