[715] See A. Hackman, _Die Bronzezeit Finnlands_, Helsingfors, 1897; also M. Aspelin, O. Montelius, V. Thomsen and others, who have all, on various grounds, arrived at the same conclusion. Even D. E. D. Europaeus, who has advanced so many heterodox views on the Finnish cradleland, and on the relations of the Finnic to the Mongolo-Turki languages, agrees that "vers l'epoque de la naissance de J. C., c'est-a-dire bien longtemps avant que ces tribus immigrassent en Finlande, elles [the western Finns] etaient etablies immediatement au sud des lacs d'Onega et de Ladoga." (_Travaux Geographiques executes en Finlande jusqu'en_ 1895, Helsingfors, 1895, p. 141.) [716] _Finska Forminnesfoereningens Tidskrift, Journ. Fin. Antiq. Soc._ 1896, p. 137 sq. [717] "Les Finnois et leurs congeneres ont occupe autrefois, sur d'immenses espaces, les vastes regions forestieres de la Russie septentrionale et centrale, et de la Siberie occidentale; mais plus tard, refoules et divises par d'autres peuples, ils furent reduits a des tribus isolees, dont il ne reste maintenant que des debris epars" (_Travaux Geographiques_, p. 132). [718] A word of doubtful meaning, commonly but wrongly supposed to mean _swamp_ or _fen_, and thus to be the original of the Teutonic _Finnas_, "Fen People" (see Thomsen, _Einfluss d. ger. Spr. auf die finnisch-lappischen_, p. 14). [719] "Şa Finnas, him şuhte, and şa Beormas spraecon neah an geetheode" (Orosius, I. 14). [720] See my paper on the Finns in Cassel's _Storehouse of Information_, p. 296. [721] The fullest information concerning Finland and its inhabitants is found in the _Atlas de Finlande_, with _Texte_ (2 vols.) published by the _Soc. Geog. Finland_ in 1910. [722] _Laila_, Earl of Ducie's English ed., p. 58. The Swedish _Bothnia_ is stated to be a translation of _Kwaen_, meaning low-lying coastlands; hence _Kainulaiset_, as they call themselves, would mean "Coastlanders." [723] _A Boat Journey to Inari_, Viking Club, Feb. 1, 1895. [724] _The Great Frozen Land_, 1895, p. 61. [725] _The Great Frozen Land_, p. 84. [726] Cf. M. A. Czaplicka, _Aboriginal Siberia_, 1914, pp. 162, 289 _n._ [727] _Notes sur les Votiaks payens des Gouvernements de Kazan et Viatka_, Paris, 1897. They are still numerous, especially in Viatka, where they numbered 240,000 in 1897. [728] See especially Schafarik's classical work _Slavische Alterthuemer_, II. p. 159 sq. and V. de Saint-Martin, _Etudes de Geographie Ancienne et d'Ethnographie asiatique_, II. p. 10 sq., also the still indispensable Gibbon, Ch. XLII., etc. [729] _Decline and Fall_, XLII. [730] Rubruquis (thirteenth century): "We came to the Etil, a very large and deep river four times wider than the Seine, flowing from 'Great Bulgaria,' which lies to the north." Farther on he adds: "It is from this Great Bulgaria that issued those Bulgarians who are beyond the Danube, on the Constantinople side" (quoted by V. de Saint-Martin).