#North America#: _Eskimauan_ (Innuit, Aleut, Karalit); _Athapascan_ (Dene, Pacific division, Apache, Navaho); _Koluschan_; _Algonquian_ (Delaware, Abnaki, Ojibway, Shawnee, Arapaho, Sauk and Fox, Blackfeet); _Iroquoian_ (Huron, Mohawk, Tuscarora, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga); _Siouan_ (Dakota, Omaha, Crow, Iowa, Osage, Assiniboin); _Shoshonian_ (Comanche, Ute); _Salishan_; _Shahaptian_; _Caddoan_; _Muskhogean_ (Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole); _Pueblo_ (Zunian, Keresan, Tanoan). #Central America#: _Nahuatlan_ (Aztec, Pipil, Niquiran); _Huaxtecan_ (Maya, Quiche); _Totonac_; _Miztecan_; _Zapotecan_; _Chorotegan_; _Tarascan_; _Otomitlan_; _Talamancan_; _Choco_. #South America#: _Muyscan_ (Chibcha); _Quichuan_ (Inca, Aymara); _Yungan_ (Chimu); _Antisan_; _Jivaran_; _Zaparan_; _Betoyan_; _Maku_; _Pana_ (Cashibo, Karipuna, Setebo); _Ticunan_; _Chiquitan_; _Arawakan_ (Arua, Maypure, Vapisiana, Ipurina, Mahinaku, Layana, Kustenau, Moxo); _Cariban_ (Bakairi, Nahuqua, Galibi, Kalina, Arecuna, Macusi, Ackawoi); _Tupi-Guaranian_ (Omagua, Mundurucu, Kamayura, Emerillon); _Gesan_ (Botocudo, Kayapo, Cherentes); _Charruan_; _Bororo_; _Karayan_; _Guaycuruan_ (Abipones, Mataco, Toba); _Araucanian_ or _Moluchean_; _Patagonian_ or _Tehuelchean_ (Pilma, Yacana, Ona); _Enneman_ (Lengua, Sanapana, Angaites); _Fuegian_ (Yahgan, Alakaluf). * * * * * It is impossible to dissociate the ethnological history of the New World from that of the Old. The absence from America at any period of the world's history not only of anthropoid apes but also of the _Cercopithecidae_, in other words of the Catarrhini, entirely precludes the possibility of the independent origin of man in the western hemisphere. Therefore the population of the Americas must have come from the Old World. In prehistoric times there were only two possible routes for such immigration to have taken place. For the mid-Atlantic land connection was severed long ages before the appearance of man, and the connection of South America with Antarctica had also long disappeared[737]. We are therefore compelled to look to a farther extension of land between North America and northern Europe on the one hand, and between north-west America and north-east Asia on the other. We know that in late Tertiary times there was a land-bridge connecting north-west Europe with Greenland, and Scharff[738] believes that the Barren-ground reindeer took this route to Norway and western Europe during early glacial times, but that "towards the latter part of the Glacial period the land-connection ... broke down." Other authorities are of opinion that the continuous land between the two continents in higher latitudes remained until post-glacial times. Brinton[739] considered that it was impossible for man to have reached America from Asia, because Siberia was covered with glaciers and not peopled until late Neolithic times, whereas man was living in both North and South