PLATE XIII. 1, 2. Bisharin, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite). 3. Beni Amer, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite). 4. Masai, British East Africa (mixed Nilote and Hamite). 5. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote, showing approach to Hamitic type). 6. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote). PLATE XIV. 1, 2. Kurd, Nimrud-Dagh, lake Van, Kurdistan, Asia Minor (Nordic). 3, 4. Armenian, Kessab, Djebel Akrah, Kurdistan (Armenoid Alpine). 5. Tajik woman of E. Turkestan (Alpine). 6. Tajik of Tashkend (mixed Alpine and Turki). PLATE XV. 1, 2. Sinhalese, Ceylon (mixed "Aryan"). 3. Hindu merchant, Western India (mixed "Aryan"). 4. Kling woman, Eastern India (Dravidian). 5. Linga Banajiga, South India (Dravidian). 6. Vakkaliga, Canarese, South India (mixed Alpine). PLATE XVI. 1, 2. Ruatoka and his wife, Raiatea (Polynesian). 3. Tiawhiao, Maori, New Zealand (Polynesian). 4. Maori woman, New Zealand (Polynesian). 5, 6. Girls of the Caroline Islands (Micronesian). We offer our sincere thanks for the use of the following photographs: A. H. Keane, _Ethnology_ (1896), IV. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; IX. 3, 4; XII. 6; XIV. 5, 6. A. H. Keane, _Man, Past and Present_ (1899), I. 2; II. 3; V. 2; VI. 4, 5, 6; VII. 5; IX. 1, 2; X. 4, 6; XII. 5. A. R. Brown, II. 1. Prof. R. B. Yapp, II. 2. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, II. 4; V. 4; VII. 1, 2; VIII. 1, 2, 3, 4; IX. 5, 6; XV. 1, 2. Dr Wollaston, cf. _Pygmies and Papuans_, p. 212; II. 5, 6, 7. Dr G. Landtman, III. 3, 4. Anthony Wilkin, III. 5, 6. Prof. C. G. Seligman, V. 1; (_The Veddas_, pl. V) X. 1; XII. 3, 4; XIII. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. L. F. Taylor, V. 3. A. C. Haddon, I. 3, 4, 5, 6; III. 1, 2; IV. 1; V. 5, 6; VII. 6; XI. 1, 2, 3; XII. 1, 2; XIII. 4; XVI. 1, 2, 3, 4. Miss M. A. Czaplicka, VI. 1, 2, 3. Dr W. Crooke (cf. _Northern India_, pl. III), XV. 3. Baelz, VII. 3, 4. Bureau of American Ethnology, VIII. 5, 6. E. Thurston (_Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, II. p. 387), X. 3; (ibid. IV. pp. 236, 240), XV. 5; XV. 6. Sir Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen and Messrs Macmillan & Co. (_Across Australia_, II. fig. 169), X. 5. Prof. J. Kollmann, XI. 5, 6. P. W. Luton, XII. 2. Prof. F. von Luschan and the Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute (_Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst._, XLI., pl. XXIV, 1, 2, pl. XXX, 1, 2), XIV. 1, 2, 3, 4. Dr W. H. Furness, XVI. 5, 6. CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS