I. THE NEW REPUBLIC II. THE PROBLEM OF THE BIRTH SUPPLY III. CERTAIN WHOLESALE ASPECTS OF MAN-MAKING IV. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MIND AND LANGUAGE V. THE MAN-MAKING FORCES OF THE MODERN STATE VI. SCHOOLING VII. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES VIII. THE CULTIVATION OF THE IMAGINATION IX. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION X. THOUGHT IN THE MODERN STATE XI. THE MAN’S OWN SHARE APPENDIX A PAPER ON ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS READ BEFORE THE FABIAN SOCIETY INDEX MANKIND IN THE MAKING I. THE NEW REPUBLIC Toleration to-day is becoming a different thing from the toleration of former times. The toleration of the past consisted very largely in saying, “You are utterly wrong and totally accurst, there is no truth but my truth and that you deny, but it is not my place to destroy you and so I let you go.” Nowadays there is a real disposition to accept the qualified nature of one’s private certainties. One may have arrived at very definite views, one may have come to beliefs quite binding upon one’s self, without supposing them to be imperative upon other people. To write “I believe” is not only less presumptuous and aggressive in such matters than to write “it is true,” but it is also nearer the reality of the case. One knows what seems true to one’s self, but we are coming to realize that the world is great and complex, beyond the utmost power of such minds as ours. Every day of life drives that conviction further home. And it is possible to maintain that in perhaps quite a great number of ethical, social, and political questions there is no absolute “truth” at all--at least for finite beings. To one intellectual temperament things may have a moral tint and aspect, differing widely from that they present to another; and yet each may be in its own way right. The wide differences in character and quality between one human being and another may quite conceivably involve not only differences in moral obligation, but differences in fundamental moral aspect--we may act and react upon each other towards a universal end, but without any universally applicable rule of conduct whatever. In some greater vision than mine, my right and wrong may be no more than hammer and anvil in the accomplishment of a design larger than I can understand. So that these papers are not written primarily for all, nor with the same intention towards all who read them. They are designed first for those who are predisposed for their reception. Then they are intended to display in an orderly manner a point of view, and how things look from that point of view, to those who are not so predisposed. These latter will either develop into adherents as they read, or, what is more likely, they will exchange a vague disorderly objection for a clearly defined and understood difference. To arrive at such an understanding is often for practical purposes as good as unanimity; for in narrowing down