TH 50 AT 25 ST 20 ER 40 EN 25 IO 18 ON 39 ES 25 LE 18 AN 38 OF 25 IS 17 RE 36 OR 25 OU 17 HE 33 NT 24 AR 16 IN 31 EA 22 AS 16 ED 30 TI 22 DE 16 ND 30 TO 22 RT 16 HA 26 IT 20 VE 16 Table V.--Table of recurrence of groups of three letters to be expected in a count of 10,000 letters of English text. THE 89 TIO 33 EDT 27 AND 54 FOR 33 TIS 25 THA 47 NDE 31 OFT 23 ENT 39 HAS 28 STH 21 ION 36 NCE 27 MEN 20 Table VI.--Table of frequency of occurrence of letters as initials and finals of English words. Based on a count of 4,000 words; this table gives the figures for an average 100 words and is necessarily an approximation, like Table III. English words are derived from so many sources that it is not impossible for any letter to occur as an initial or final of a word, although Q, X and Z are rare as initials and B, I, J, Q, V, X and Z are rare as finals. Letters A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Initial 9 6 6 5 2 4 2 3 3 1 1 2 4 2 10 2 - 4 5 17 2 - 7 - 3 - Final 1 - - 10 17 6 4 2 - - 1 6 1 9 4 1 - 8 9 11 1 - 1 - 8 - It is practically impossible to find five consecutive letters in an English text without a vowel and we may expect from one to three with two as the general average. In any twenty letters we may expect to find from 6 to 9 vowels with 8 as an average. Among themselves the relative frequency of occurrence of each of the vowels, (including Y when a vowel) is as follows: A, 19.5% E, 32.0% I, 16.7% O, 20.2% U, 8.0% Y, 3.6% The foregoing tables give all the essential facts about the mechanism of the English language from the standpoint of the solution of ciphers. The use to be made of these tables will be evident when the solution of different types of ciphers is taken up. Data for the Solution of Ciphers in Spanish The Spanish language is written with the following alphabet: A B C CH D E F G H I J L LL M N Ñ O P Q R RR S T U V X Y Z while the exact sense often depends upon the use of accents over the vowels. However, in cipher work it is exceedingly inconvenient to use the permanent digraphs, CH, LL and RR and they do not appear as such in any specimens of Spanish or Mexican cipher examined. Accented vowels and Ñ are also not found and we may, in general, say that a cipher whose text is Spanish will be prepared with the following alphabet: