CHAPTER 12 PRINCIPLES OF INSURANCE REFERENCES. _Gephart, W. F._, Principles of insurance. 1913. _Gephart, W. F._, Insurance and the state. 1913. _Huebner, S. S._, Life insurance. 1915. _Huebner, S. S._, Property insurance. 1913. _Statistical Abstract of the United States._ _Valgren, V. N._, Farmers' mutual fire insurance in Minnesota. Q. J. E., 25: 387-396. 1910-1911. _Willet, A. H._, Economic theory of risk and insurance. 1901. _Zartman, L. W._ (Ed.), Fire insurance. Ed., 1915. _Zartman, L. W._ (Ed.), Life insurance. Ed., 1915. QUESTIONS. 1. What are the conditions of economically sound insurance? Give at least two examples. 2. What is the essential economic difference between gambling and insurance? 3. Give examples showing the difference between a gambling house and an insurance company? 4. Investors in Russian bonds are said to take out policies of insurance payable to themselves in the event of the Czar's death, their object being to guard themselves against loss by the depreciation of their Russian securities in case of political disturbances that might emerge upon a change of rulers. (a) Do you regard such insurance as gambling or legitimate speculation from the standpoint of either insurer or insured? (b) Do you regard the issue of such policies on the part of the insurance companies as "sound"? 5. Ought lotteries to be permitted by law? 6. Suppose 1,000 owners of 1,000 buildings worth $7,000 each wish to insure themselves against fire. If the risk for the class of buildings involved in such that seven out of 1,000 burn each year, what annual payment from each owner would be necessary to insure all against total loss--expenses of management, interest, etc., being ignored? (F. M. Taylor.) 7. Suppose that a corporation owns 500 buildings worth $100,000 each; that to insure against fire in an ordinary company would cost $250 for each building; and that the corporation is convinced that by the expenditure of $10,000 the fire loss can be reduced to an average of one building every three years. Would it pay the corporation to insure with some company? (F. M. Taylor.) CHAPTER 13 INTERNATIONAL TRADE REFERENCES. _Bastable, C. E._, The theory of international trade. 1897. _Brown, H. G._, International trade and exchange. 1914. _Clare, G._, The A B C of the foreign exchanges. 1895. _Escher, Franklin_, The elements of foreign exchange. 2d ed., 1911. _Goschen, Viscount_, The theory of the foreign exchanges. 1898. _Johnson, E. R._, Probable changes in the foreign trade of the United States resulting from the European war. A. E. Rev., 6 (no. 1, supp.): 17-25. 1916. Round table discussion of above, 26-49.