[Footnote BE: Lindsay, vol. III.] [Footnote BF: Rear-Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History," pp. 105-107.] [Footnote BG: Mahan, p. 73.] [Footnote BH: Lindsay, vol. III.] [Footnote BI: Prof. Achille Viallatés, "How France Protects Her Merchant Marine," in North American Review, vol. 184, 1907.] [Footnote BJ: Lindsay, vol. III.] [Footnote BK: Lindsay, vol. III, also Viallatés.] [Footnote BL: Viallatés.] [Footnote BM: Lindsay, vol. III, pp. 457-458.] [Footnote BN: Viallatés.] [Footnote BO: Meeker. Also Wells, pp. 163-164, _note_.] [Footnote BP: Wells, pp. 163-164, _note._] [Footnote BQ: Meeker. Also Wells.] [Footnote BR: Wells, p. 164.] [Footnote BS: Meeker.] [Footnote BT: Viallatés.] [Footnote BU: Meeker.] [Footnote BV: For this law see Meeker.] [Footnote BW: U.S. Consul Robert Skinner, Marseilles; Con. Repts., xol. XVIII (1900), p. 36.] [Footnote BX: Viallatés.] [Footnote BY: Meeker.] [Footnote BZ: North American Review, vol. CLXXXIV, 1907.] [Footnote CA: Embracing voyages within the limits of the ports of the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Europe below the Arctic circle--Meeker.] [Footnote CB: Meeker and Viallatés, summaries of this law.] [Footnote CC: North American Review, vol. CLXXXIV, 1907.] [Footnote CD: For this law see Senate Doc. no. 488, 59th Cong., 1st sess.] [Footnote CE: North American Review, vol. CLXXXIV, 1907.] [Footnote CF: Meeker.] [Footnote CG: Meeker.] [Footnote CH: Lloyd's Register, 1910-11.] [Footnote CI: Senate Rept., no. 10, 59th, Cong., 1st sess.] CHAPTER IV GERMANY Germany was a close follower of France in the adoption of the direct ship bounty system. Only two months after the promulgation of the initial French law of 1881, Bismarck brought the question before the Reichstag, with an exhibit of this act. In an elaborate memorial (April 6, 1881) he reviewed the general subject of State bounties and subsidies to shipping in various maritime countries, and closed with this pointed declaration: "It is deserving of serious consideration whether, under the circumstances as given, German shipping and German commerce can hope" for further prosperous developments as against the competition of other nations aided by public funds and assistance.[CJ]