161. Arthritis Deformans of several Joints 530 162. Bones of Knee in Charcot's Disease 533 163. Charcot's Disease of Left Knee 534 164. Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: front view 535 165. Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: back view 536 166. Radiogram of Multiple Loose Bodies in Knee-joint 540 167. Loose Body from Knee-joint 541 168. Multiple partially ossified Chondromas of Synovial 542 Membrane from Shoulder-joint 169. Multiple Cartilaginous Loose Bodies from Knee-joint 543 MANUAL OF SURGERY CHAPTER I REPAIR Introduction--Process of repair--Healing by primary union--Granulation tissue--Cicatricial tissue--Modifications of process of repair--Repair in individual tissues--Transplantation or grafting of tissues--Conditions--Sources of grafts--Grafting of individual tissues--Methods. INTRODUCTION To prolong human life and to alleviate suffering are the ultimate objects of scientific medicine. The two great branches of the healing art--Medicine and Surgery--are so intimately related that it is impossible to draw a hard-and-fast line between them, but for convenience Surgery may be defined as "the art of treating lesions and malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate." To apply his art intelligently and successfully, it is essential that the surgeon should be conversant not only with the normal anatomy and physiology of the body and with the various pathological conditions to which it is liable, but also with the nature of the process by which repair of injured or diseased tissues is effected. Without this knowledge he is unable to recognise such deviations from the normal as result from mal-development, injury, or disease, or rationally to direct his efforts towards the correction or removal of these. PROCESS OF REPAIR