Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at elevations between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of northern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in the United States. 10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine. [Illustration: Fig. 13] Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5′—11′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked, 3′—6′ long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles, mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded below, ¼′ long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, 1′—1¼′ long, about 1′ wide. A tree, sometimes 150°—230° high, with a massive stem 5°—8° in diameter, short thick many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmounting a short trunk, and stout orange-colored branchlets frequently becoming nearly black at the end of two or three years. Bark for 80—100 years broken into rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales, dark brown, nearly black or light cinnamon-red, on older trees becoming 2′—4′ thick and deeply and irregularly divided into plates sometimes 4°—5° long and 12′—18′ wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, comparatively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.