MUTUAL CONSENT.--The mutual and persistent agreement of the parties to be divorced, expressed in the manner provided by law, and after certain formalities and proofs showing that a continuance of the marriage relation is unbearable, and that there exists by agreement of both parties peremptory reasons for a divorcement, is sufficient ground for a decree of divorce. At a meeting of the International Law Association, held at the Guildhall, London, on August 4th, 1910, Dr. Gaston de Leval, legal adviser to the British legation at Brussels, pleaded in favour of the Belgian system of divorce by mutual consent. Extremely few cases, he said, of such divorces took place, the proportion not being more than three per cent. on the average of Belgian divorces. He argued that such a divorce was at least as moral and difficult to obtain as any other kind of divorce, and in most of the cases the most difficult to obtain. CHAPTER VIII. SWITZERLAND. The marriage and divorce laws of the Swiss Republic are federal--that is, operating throughout all the cantons of the confederation. Prior to January 1, 1876, when the present federal law went into effect, the different cantons had individual laws regulating divorce. QUALIFICATIONS FOR MARRIAGE.--1. Age. A man must be at least eighteen years of age and a woman at least sixteen in order to contract a valid marriage. 2. Mental capacity. Lunatics and idiots are prohibited from marrying. 3. Free consent. No marriage is valid without the free consent of the parties. Duress, fraud or error in the person precludes the presumption of consent. 4. Consent of parents. Parental consent is required of all persons under twenty years of age. If the parents are dead or incapable of manifesting their will the consent of a guardian is necessary. If the guardian refuses consent the parties may appeal from his decision to the courts. CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY.--Marriage is prohibited between ascendants and descendants; between brothers and sisters of the whole or half blood; between uncles and nieces, or aunts and nephews, whether the relationship arises from legitimate or illegitimate birth, and between connections by marriage in the direct line. Marriage is also prohibited between adopting parents and adopted children. A widow, a divorced woman, or a woman whose marriage has been annulled cannot contract a new marriage within 300 days after the dissolution of the former marriage. When an absolute divorce has been decreed on the ground of adultery, attempt on life, cruelty, dishonourable treatment, sentence to an ignominious punishment, wilful desertion, or incurable mental disease, the guilty or losing party cannot enter into a new marriage until one year has elapsed from the date of the divorce.