Transcriber's Notes When italics were used in the original book, the corresponding text has been surrounded by _underscores_. The oe ligature has been replaced by the letters oe. The Greek letter lambda has been represented as [lambda]. Some presumed printer's errors have been corrected. These have been listed in a second transcriber's note at the end of the text. MARS AND ITS CANALS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: _Mars’ Hill_] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MARS AND ITS CANALS BY PERCIVAL LOWELL DIRECTOR OF THE OBSERVATORY AT FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA; NON-RESIDENT PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES; MEMBRE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ ASTRONOMIQUE DE FRANCE; MEMBER OF THE ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA; MITGLIED DER ASTRONOMISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT; MEMBRE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ BELGE D’ASTRONOMIE; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE SOCIEDAD ASTRONOMICA DE MEXICO; JANSSEN MEDALIST OF THE SOCIÉTÉ ASTRONOMIQUE DE FRANCE, 1904, FOR RESEARCHES ON MARS; ETC., ETC. _ILLUSTRATED_ New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1906 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. ------- Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1906. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ To G. V. SCHIAPARELLI THE COLUMBUS OF A NEW PLANETARY WORLD THIS INVESTIGATION UPON IT IS APPRECIATIVELY INSCRIBED PREFACE