XXVIII. CONSTITUTION OF THE CANALS AND OASES 337 XXIX. LIFE 348 XXX. EVIDENCE 360 XXXI. THE HUSBANDING OF WATER 366 XXXII. CONCLUSION 376 INDEX 385 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES MARS’ HILL _Frontispiece_ PAGE THE HERMITAGE 8 THE SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS 18 MARTIAN MAPS BY: I. BEER AND MAEDLER. 1840 26 II. KAISER. 1864 26 III. FLAMMARION (RÉSUMÉ). 1876 27 IV. GREEN. 1877 27 V. SCHIAPARELLI. 1877 28 VI. SCHIAPARELLI. 1879 28 VII. SCHIAPARELLI. 1881 29 VIII. SCHIAPARELLI. 1884 29 IX. LOWELL. 1894 30 X. LOWELL. 1896 30 XI. LOWELL. 1901 31 XII. LOWELL. 1905 31 SOUTH POLAR CAP. 1905 42 NORTH POLAR CAP. 1905 44 MARE ERYTHRAEUM, MARTIAN DATE, DECEMBER 30 120 MARE ERYTHRAEUM, MARTIAN DATE, JANUARY 16 122 MARE ERYTHRAEUM, MARTIAN DATE, FEBRUARY 1 124 MARE ERYTHRAEUM, MARTIAN DATE, FEBRUARY 21 126 MARS, ON MERCATOR’S PROJECTION 384 CUTS APPEARING IN TEXT SOUTH POLAR CAP IN WINTER 56 HELLAS IN WINTER 59 WHITE SOUTH OF NECTAR AND SOLIS LACUS 59 NORTHERN CAP HOODED WITH VAPOR 64 NORTHERN CAP UNMASKED 65 DEPOSITION OF FROST 70 FIRST NORTHERN SNOW 72 WHITE IN ELYSIUM 75 WHITE IN THE PONS HECTORIS 78