This power is found in the social motives, the instinct that holds
them together and causes the continuance of the group. Every animal
must place the interest of the entire group above his own; it must
always act instinctively for the advantage and maintenance of the group
without consideration of itself. As long as the weak plant-eaters think
of themselves only and run away when attacked by a rapacious animal,
each one minding his life only, the entire herd disappears. Only when
the strong motive of self-preservation is suppressed by a stronger
motive of union, and each animal risks its life for the protection
of all, only then does the herd remain and enjoy the advantages of
sticking together. In such a case, self-sacrifice, bravery, devotion,
discipline and consciousness must arise, for where these do not exist
society dissolves; society can only exist where these exist.
These instincts, while they have their origin in habit and necessity,
are strengthened by the struggle for existence. Every animal herd
still stands in a competitive struggle against the same animals of a
different herd; those that are best fitted to withstand the enemy will
survive, while those that are poorer equipped will perish. That group
in which the social instinct is better developed will be able to hold
its ground, while the group in which social instinct is low will either
fall an easy prey to its enemies or will not be in a position to find
favorable feeding places. These social instincts become therefore the
most important and decisive factors that determine who shall survive
in the struggle for existence. It is owing to this that the social
instincts have been elevated to the position of predominant factors.
These relations throw an entirely new light upon the views of the
bourgeois Darwinists. Their claim is that the extermination of the
weak is natural and that it is necessary in order to prevent the
corruption of the race, and that the protection given to the weak
serves to deteriorate the race. But what do we see? In nature itself,
in the animal world, we find that the weak are protected; that it is
not by their own personal strength that they maintain themselves,
and that they are not brushed aside on account of their personal
weakness. This arrangement does not weaken the group, but gives to it
new strength. The animal group in which mutual aid is best developed
is best fit to maintain itself in the strife. That which, according
to the narrow conception appeared as a cause of weakness, becomes
just the reverse, a cause of strength. The sociable animals are in a
position to beat those that carry on the struggle individually. This
so-called degenerating and deteriorating race carries off the victory
and practically proves itself to be the most skilful and best.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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