Sociability, with its consequences, the moral feelings, is a peculiarity
which distinguishes man from some, but not from all, animals. There are,
however, some peculiarities which belong to man only, and which separate
him from the entire animal world. These, in the first instance, are
language, then reason. Man is also the only animal that makes use of
self-made tools. For all these things, animals have but the slightest
propensity, but among men, these have developed essentially new
characteristics. Many animals have some kind of voice, and by means of
sounds they can come to some understanding, but only man has such sounds
as serve as a medium for naming things and actions. Animals also have
brains with which they think, but the human mind shows, as we shall see
later, an entirely new departure, which we designate as reasonable or
abstract thinking. Animals, too, make use of inanimate things which they
use for certain purposes; for instance, the building of nests. Monkeys
sometimes use sticks or stones, but only man uses tools which he himself
deliberately makes for particular purposes. These primitive tendencies
among animals show us that the peculiarities possessed by man came to
him, not by means of some wonderful creation, but by continuous
development.
Animals living isolated can not arrive at such a stage of development.
It is only as a social being that man can reach this stage. Outside the
pale of society, language is just as useless as an eye in darkness, and
is bound to die. Language is possible only in society, and only there
is it needed as a means by which members may understand one another.
All social animals possess some means of understanding each other,
otherwise they would not be able to execute certain plans conjointly.
The sounds that were necessary as a means of communication for the
primitive man while at his tasks must have developed into names of
activities, and later into names of things.
The use of tools also presupposes a society, for it is only through
society that attainments can be preserved. In a state of isolated
life every one has to make discoveries for himself; with the death
of the discoverer the discovery also becomes extinct, and each has to
start anew from the very beginning. It is only through society that
the experience and knowledge of former generations can be preserved,
perpetuated, and developed. In a group or body a few may die, but the
group, as such, does not. It remains. Knowledge in the use of tools is
not born with man, but is acquired later. Mental tradition, such as is
possible only in society, is therefore necessary.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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