The outline of the Party of today was beginning to take shape, the true Party conceived by Lenin, having both a legal and illegal apparatus. The legal aspect would be necessary to conduct communist propaganda among the noncommunist masses, to infiltrate organizations and operate communist fronts. But the underground must exist, for the revolution, the final aim of the Party, could never be anything but illegal. The underground apparatus would handle espionage, super-secret Party work, and would always be ready to expand if the legal Party, because of “capitalist” opposition, could not operate fully. The Communist Party at all times has desired both an upper and a lower level. In December, 1921, the Workers Party of America was formed, a “legal” outlet for the underground Communist Party. The founding convention, held in New York City, was organized, controlled, and directed by Party leaders. Acting as a front for the underground communists, the Workers Party set up “open” headquarters, issued a “public” paper, and operated in full view. The communist movement now had a dual setup: the underground Communist Party, affiliated with the Third International in Moscow, commonly known among members as _Number One_, and the Workers Party, not so affiliated, known as _Number Two_. They were, however, the two faces of the same communist coin. Those were turbulent days in the American communist movement. Party leaders were grotesque characters, making speeches in underground meetings, sitting in secret conventions (sometimes in the middle of woods), or traveling to Moscow. They usually had several aliases for use on fake passports and in Party correspondence or to be given to the police if arrested. Their obsessive love was Soviet Russia. Communists of all varieties streamed to Moscow. William Z. Foster, Earl Browder, Jay Lovestone, Benjamin Gitlow, John Reed, “Mother” Bloor visited there. Many had business: to attend Comintern meetings, to serve as “representatives” of the American Party, to enroll in a communist school. Others went as plain sight-seers, to view at first hand this land of “paradise.” Sometimes whole groups would go, as for example a delegation that sailed in 1927 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revolution. The visitors were received cordially and treated well unless reason existed to the contrary. Some actually got to see the great Lenin. William Z. Foster, telling of seeing Lenin for the first time in 1921, commented that “It was one of the most inspiring moments” of his life. They attended Comintern Congresses, talked to high Party officials, looked around the town. They were being primed for their roles, puppets to fight the communist battle in America. Then back they came to tell their comrades of the marvels of this new land. In speeches all over the country they shouted communist propaganda: Russia is the only “real democracy” on earth; the working people are better off in Russia than in America.