[221] See Sprenger, pp. 492-3. Innocent VIII gave a great impetus to persecution of witches in 1485 by his bull, _Summis desiderantes_, in which all the malignant powers of the witch were enumerated. It was this bull that gave authority to Jacob Sprenger, the author of _Malleus Maleficarum_. It was supplemented by others of a similar character issued by Julius II and Alexander VI. [222] Sprenger, pp. 172-82. [223] See Lecky, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 3; Michelet, _op. cit._, p. 10. [224] _Malleorum—tomi duo_, vol. ii, p. 520. [225] Sprenger, p. 214. _Inquisitoribus Maleficae non possunt nocere._ ‘In oppido nempe Ravenspurg, cum a consulibus Maleficae incinerandae interrogarentur, cur nobis inquisitoribus aliqua maleficia, sicut aliis hominibus, non intulissent, Responderunt: Licet pluries hoc facere attentassent, non tamen potuerunt. Et de causa inquirentibus, respondebant se nescire, nisi quod a Daemonibus informatae fuissent.’ Nevertheless, _ibid._, p. 559, inquisitors should be careful not to allow themselves to be touched by wizards and witches. [226] Sprenger, p. 549. [227] _Ibid._, pp. 552-3. [228] _Ibid._, p. 557. The adjuration was by the bitter tears of Christ shed on the Cross for the sins of the world, by the tears shed by the glorious Virgin Mary, by those shed by all the saints and elect of God on earth. [229] Such enmity had to be really mortal and well authenticated; for the inquisitorial point of view was that of necessity a witch always would excite a great deal of enmity. Allegations of enmity must, therefore, always be carefully sifted. See Sprenger, pp. 542 _et seq._ [230] For the whole remarkable story, see Lea, vol. iii, pp. 519-34. [231] James, i, 3. [232] 2 Peter, ii, 1. [233] 2 Corinth., xi, 13. [234] Galat., i, 8. See also _ibid._, iii, 1, 3. [235] 2 Thessal., iii, 15. _Cf._ Galat., iii, 1, 3. [236] Polycarp, _Epist._ § 7, in _The Apostolic Fathers_ (ed. J. B. Lightfoot, 1891), pp. 171, 179. [237] ‘Ad officium haereticos compelli, non illici dignum est. Duritia vincenda, non suadenda.’ Tertullian, _Opera omnia_ (ed. Migne, _Patrologia latina_), vol. ii, col. 125. [238] Lactantius, _Divin. Instit._, lib. v, cap. 20 (ed. Migne), vol. i, p. 615. [239] Tertullian, _Opera omnia_, vol. i, col. 699. _Liber ad Scapulam_, cap. 2. [240] See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 150. [241] _Ibid._, p. 154. [242] See Philippe à Limborch, _History of the Inquisition_ (trans. S. Chandler, London, 1731), vol. i, p. 8; L. Tanon, _Histoire des Tribunaux de l’Inquisition en France_ (Paris, 1893), pp. 127-33; De Cauzons, vol. i, pp. 163-8; _Cod. Theod._, i, xvi, leges 3, 8, 12, 30, 33, 34, 35; C. Moeller in _Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique_ (Louvain, 1913), vol. xiv, pp. 728-9, _Les bûchers et les autos-da-fé depuis le moyen âge_. [243] _The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom_ (Oxford ed., Pusey), Homily xlvi, on Matt. xiii, pp. 630 _et seq._