[320] Acton, _op. cit._, p. 557. ‘The five years of his abode in Rome changed the face of the Church.... Very soon after Saint Raymond appeared at the Papal court, the use of the stake became law, and the inquisitorial machinery had been devised and the management given to the priors of the order. When he departed he left behind him instructions for the treatment of heresy, which the Pope adopted and sent out whenever they were wanted.... Until he came, in spite of much violence and many laws, the popes had imagined no permanent security against religious error, and were not formally committed to death by burning. Gregory himself, excelling all the priesthood in vigour and experience, had for four years laboured, vaguely and in vain, with the transmitted implements. Of a sudden, in these successive measures, he finds his way, and builds up the institution which is to last for centuries. That this mighty change in the conditions of religious thought and life, and in the functions of the order was supported by Dominicans, is probable. And it is reasonable to suppose that it was the work of the foremost Dominican then living, who at that very moment had risen to power and predominance at Rome.’ [321] See De Cauzons, vol. i, pp. 301-3. [322] Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, pp. 78-80, No. 80, _Capitula Senatoris Annibaldi et populi Romani edicta contra Patarenos_. See Gregorovius, _City of Rome_, vol. vi, pt. 1, pp. 156-61. Heretics were at this time numerous in the States of the Church, Viterbo, Perugia and Orvieto; also in Lombardy. Some of these, the Arnoldists at any rate, were also Ghibellines. ‘The Inquisition now became another instrument in the hands of the Pope for the subjection of the people.’ [323] Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 586 _et seq._ [324] Council of Rheims, 1148, Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 31; Montpellier, 1162, _ibid._, No. 35; Lateran, 1179, _ibid._, No. 47. [325] Verona, 1184, Frédéricq, _Corpus_, No. 56; Montpellier, 1195, _ibid._, No. 58; Fourth Lateran, 1215, _ibid._, No. 68. See also Mansi, vol. xxii, pp. 987-8; Eymeric, _Directorium_, pt. ii, question 46, p. 378. [326] In Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 569 _et seq._ [327] § 1. [328] §§ 3, 5, 12-15. [329] §§ 24, 25, 31. [330] § 37.