In 1215 the citizens obtained from John their right to elect their own Mayor. As for the meaning of the Commune, Stubbs says:— “The establishment of the ‘Communa’ of the citizens of London which is recorded by the historians to have been specially confirmed by the Barons and Justiciar on the occasion of Longchamp’s deposition from the Justiciarship is a matter of some difficulty as the word ‘Communa’ is not found in English town-charters, and no formal record of the act of confirmation is now preserved. Interpreted, however, by foreign usage and by the later meaning of the word ‘Communitas’ it must be understood to signify a corporate identity of the municipality which it may have claimed before and which may even have been occasionally recognised but was now firmly established: a sort of consolidation into a single organised body of the variety of franchises, guilds, and other departments of local jurisdiction. It was probably connected with, and perhaps implied by, the nomination of a _Mayor_ who now appears for the first time. It cannot, however, be defined with certainty.” (Stubbs’s _Select Charters_.) Now Round[3] points out that the words “concessa est communæ Londinensium,” agree exactly with the granting of the French Communes. The same words were used for the Communes of Senlis, of Compiègne, of Abbeville, and of Poitiers. The Commune again, in France, did not necessarily imply the election of a Mayor. At Beauvais and Compiègne at first there was no Mayor. Round next shows, which is very remarkable, that the long struggle of the citizens to hold the City and County at the _firma_ of £300, which the Crown persistently strove to raise to £500 and more, was terminated in 1191, the year when the Commune was granted, by a return to the old sum of £300. This is a very important fact. Entries of the years 1192 and 1197 show that this yearly sum was maintained at the lower figure. Three points, therefore, are certain:— 1. A Commune was granted to London in 1191. 2. The Firma of City and County was simultaneously lowered from over £500 to the old sum of £300. 3. The Mayor of London first appears in 1193. It is at this point that an almost contemporary document, discovered by Mr. Round, in the British Museum, which is nothing less than the oath of the Commune, throws a flood of light on the situation. “_Sacramentum commune tempore regis Ricardi quando detentus erat Alemaniam (sic)._