CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY 1 II. GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH 27 III. GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS 51 IV. CASTLES 77 V. RELIGIOUS HOUSES 99 VI. LLYWELYN AP GRUFFYDD AND THE BARONS' WAR 125 MAPS AND PLANS PAGE WALES AND THE MARCHES, c. A.D. 1200-1210 2 CASTLES AND RELIGIOUS HOUSES 78 CARDIFF AND CAERPHILLY CASTLES 88 [Illustration: WALES & THE MARCHES, c. A.D. 1200-1210.] I INTRODUCTORY In the following lectures no attempt will be made to give a systematic account of a political development, which is the ordinary theme of history. History is "past politics" in the wide sense of the word. It has to do with the growth and decay of states and institutions, and their relations to each other. The history of Wales in the Middle Ages, viewed from the political standpoint, is a failure; its interest is negative; and in this introductory lecture I intend to discuss "the failure of the nation" (to use the words of Professor Rhys and Mr. Brynmor Jones) "to effect any stable and lasting political combination." Wales failed to produce or develope political institutions of an enduring character--failed to become a state. Its history does not possess the unity nor the kind of interest which the history of England possesses, and which makes the study of English history so peculiarly instructive to the student of politics. In English history we study primarily the growth of the principle of Representative Government, which we can trace for centuries through a long series of authoritative records. That is the great gift of England to the world. Not only has Wales entered on this inheritance; it helped to create it. It was Llywelyn ap Iorwerth who began the revolt against John which led to the Great Charter, and the clauses of the Great Charter itself show that it was the joint work of English and Welsh. Wales again exerted a decisive influence on the Barons' War--the troubles in which the House of Commons first emerged. And Wales--half of it for more than six hundred years--half of it for nearly four hundred--has lived under the public law and administrative system which the Norman and Angevin kings of England built up on Anglo-Saxon foundations. This public law and this administrative system have become part and parcel of the life and history of Wales. The constitutional history of England is one of the elements which go to make up the complex history of Wales.