Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Medieval
The verse narratives of the Germanic peoples during this period are
poetically homogeneous. _Hildebrand_, indeed, is more stinted than
_Beowulf_, and the north inclines more than the west toward lyric; but
they all have essentially the same poetic.[45] Their epic conception is
typically not of a progressive story, but of a situation. The hero is
imagined in a crisis. Sometimes abrupt or stinted, they nevertheless
prevail by unity. This mainspring of their poetic is their habitual
means toward tragic intensity.[46] Even more constant is their movement
in detail. The verse consists of two staves separated by a marked cæsura,
but corresponding by alliteration. The alliteration is not, as in Latin
verse, an added suggestion; it is constituent; it makes the verse.
Him ða Scyld ᵹewat to ᵹescæphwile
felahror feran on frean wære;
hi hyne þa ætbæron to brimes faroðe,
swæse ᵹesiþas, swa he selfa bæd,
þenden wordum weold wine Scyldinᵹa,
leof landfruma lanᵹe ahte.
þær æt hyðe stod hrinᵹedstefna
isiᵹ and utfus, æþelinᵹes fær:
_Beowulf_, 26-33 (Wülcker’s revised text).
No less essential is the two-stave movement, so strong in Germanic
habit that it may well have been influential in handling even Latin
hexameters with cæsura reinforced by rime.[47] In Anglo-Saxon the staves
show distinct recurrent types; and the verses generally tend, as above,
to “run on,” whereas the Old Norse are oftener composed in the fashion
of the “closed couplet.” But these differences are unimportant beside
the constant binary movement. The verses are not equal in number of
syllables; their stress rhythm is patterned in alliterated pairs.
Then departed Scyld at his appointed hour,
glorious to go unto God’s keeping.
Together they bore him to breaking surges,
bosom companions, as he bade himself
while he wielded words, warden of Scyldings,
loved land-ruler, long their master.
At the roadstead bode his ringèd bow,
icy, eager, atheling’s ship.
They laid him there, beloved chieftain,
bringer of booty, on the breast of the ship,
mighty by the mast. There were many treasures
from long voyages laden beside him.
Ne’er heard I that comelier keel provided
hacking weapons and harness warlike,
brands and byrnies. On his bosom lay
store unstinted that must start with him
on the flood’s realm to float outward.[48]
_Beowulf_, 26-42.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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